%!PS-Adobe-1.0
%%Creator: postgres:kemnitz (Greg &,278 Cory,6427520,8488453)
%%Title: stdin (ditroff)
%%CreationDate: Mon Jul 30 15:12:34 1990
%%EndComments
%	@(#)psdit.pro	1.3 4/15/88
% lib/psdit.pro -- prolog for psdit (ditroff) files
% Copyright (c) 1984, 1985 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
% last edit: shore Sat Nov 23 20:28:03 1985
% RCSID: $Header: psdit.pro,v 2.1 85/11/24 12:19:43 shore Rel $

% Changed by Edward Wang (edward@ucbarpa.berkeley.edu) to handle graphics,
% 17 Feb, 87.

/$DITroff 140 dict def $DITroff begin
/fontnum 1 def /fontsize 10 def /fontheight 10 def /fontslant 0 def
/xi{0 72 11 mul translate 72 resolution div dup neg scale 0 0 moveto
 /fontnum 1 def /fontsize 10 def /fontheight 10 def /fontslant 0 def F
 /pagesave save def}def
/PB{save /psv exch def currentpoint translate 
 resolution 72 div dup neg scale 0 0 moveto}def
/PE{psv restore}def
/arctoobig 90 def /arctoosmall .05 def
/m1 matrix def /m2 matrix def /m3 matrix def /oldmat matrix def
/tan{dup sin exch cos div}def
/point{resolution 72 div mul}def
/dround	{transform round exch round exch itransform}def
/xT{/devname exch def}def
/xr{/mh exch def /my exch def /resolution exch def}def
/xp{}def
/xs{docsave restore end}def
/xt{}def
/xf{/fontname exch def /slotno exch def fontnames slotno get fontname eq not
 {fonts slotno fontname findfont put fontnames slotno fontname put}if}def
/xH{/fontheight exch def F}def
/xS{/fontslant exch def F}def
/s{/fontsize exch def /fontheight fontsize def F}def
/f{/fontnum exch def F}def
/F{fontheight 0 le{/fontheight fontsize def}if
 fonts fontnum get fontsize point 0 0 fontheight point neg 0 0 m1 astore
 fontslant 0 ne{1 0 fontslant tan 1 0 0 m2 astore m3 concatmatrix}if
 makefont setfont .04 fontsize point mul 0 dround pop setlinewidth}def
/X{exch currentpoint exch pop moveto show}def
/N{3 1 roll moveto show}def
/Y{exch currentpoint pop exch moveto show}def
/S{show}def
/ditpush{}def/ditpop{}def
/AX{3 -1 roll currentpoint exch pop moveto 0 exch ashow}def
/AN{4 2 roll moveto 0 exch ashow}def
/AY{3 -1 roll currentpoint pop exch moveto 0 exch ashow}def
/AS{0 exch ashow}def
/MX{currentpoint exch pop moveto}def
/MY{currentpoint pop exch moveto}def
/MXY{moveto}def
/cb{pop}def	% action on unknown char -- nothing for now
/n{}def/w{}def
/p{pop showpage pagesave restore /pagesave save def}def
/Dt{/Dlinewidth exch def}def 1 Dt
/Ds{/Ddash exch def}def -1 Ds
/Di{/Dstipple exch def}def 1 Di
/Dsetlinewidth{2 Dlinewidth mul setlinewidth}def
/Dsetdash{Ddash 4 eq{[8 12]}{Ddash 16 eq{[32 36]}
 {Ddash 20 eq{[32 12 8 12]}{[]}ifelse}ifelse}ifelse 0 setdash}def
/Dstroke{gsave Dsetlinewidth Dsetdash 1 setlinecap stroke grestore
 currentpoint newpath moveto}def
/Dl{rlineto Dstroke}def
/arcellipse{/diamv exch def /diamh exch def oldmat currentmatrix pop
 currentpoint translate 1 diamv diamh div scale /rad diamh 2 div def
 currentpoint exch rad add exch rad -180 180 arc oldmat setmatrix}def
/Dc{dup arcellipse Dstroke}def
/De{arcellipse Dstroke}def
/Da{/endv exch def /endh exch def /centerv exch def /centerh exch def
 /cradius centerv centerv mul centerh centerh mul add sqrt def
 /eradius endv endv mul endh endh mul add sqrt def
 /endang endv endh atan def
 /startang centerv neg centerh neg atan def
 /sweep startang endang sub dup 0 lt{360 add}if def
 sweep arctoobig gt
 {/midang startang sweep 2 div sub def /midrad cradius eradius add 2 div def
  /midh midang cos midrad mul def /midv midang sin midrad mul def
  midh neg midv neg endh endv centerh centerv midh midv Da
  Da}
 {sweep arctoosmall ge
  {/controldelt 1 sweep 2 div cos sub 3 sweep 2 div sin mul div 4 mul def
   centerv neg controldelt mul centerh controldelt mul
   endv neg controldelt mul centerh add endh add
   endh controldelt mul centerv add endv add
   centerh endh add centerv endv add rcurveto Dstroke}
  {centerh endh add centerv endv add rlineto Dstroke}
  ifelse}
 ifelse}def
/Dpatterns[
[%cf[widthbits]
[8<0000000000000010>]
[8<0411040040114000>]
[8<0204081020408001>]
[8<0000103810000000>]
[8<6699996666999966>]
[8<0000800100001008>]
[8<81c36666c3810000>]
[8<0f0e0c0800000000>]
[8<0000000000000010>]
[8<0411040040114000>]
[8<0204081020408001>]
[8<0000001038100000>]
[8<6699996666999966>]
[8<0000800100001008>]
[8<81c36666c3810000>]
[8<0f0e0c0800000000>]
[8<0042660000246600>]
[8<0000990000990000>]
[8<0804020180402010>]
[8<2418814242811824>]
[8<6699996666999966>]
[8<8000000008000000>]
[8<00001c3e363e1c00>]
[8<0000000000000000>]
[32<00000040000000c00000004000000040000000e0000000000000000000000000>]
[32<00000000000060000000900000002000000040000000f0000000000000000000>]
[32<000000000000000000e0000000100000006000000010000000e0000000000000>]
[32<00000000000000002000000060000000a0000000f00000002000000000000000>]
[32<0000000e0000000000000000000000000000000f000000080000000e00000001>]
[32<0000090000000600000000000000000000000000000007000000080000000e00>]
[32<00010000000200000004000000040000000000000000000000000000000f0000>]
[32<0900000006000000090000000600000000000000000000000000000006000000>]]
[%ug
[8<0000020000000000>]
[8<0000020000002000>]
[8<0004020000002000>]
[8<0004020000402000>]
[8<0004060000402000>]
[8<0004060000406000>]
[8<0006060000406000>]
[8<0006060000606000>]
[8<00060e0000606000>]
[8<00060e000060e000>]
[8<00070e000060e000>]
[8<00070e000070e000>]
[8<00070e020070e000>]
[8<00070e020070e020>]
[8<04070e020070e020>]
[8<04070e024070e020>]
[8<04070e064070e020>]
[8<04070e064070e060>]
[8<06070e064070e060>]
[8<06070e066070e060>]
[8<06070f066070e060>]
[8<06070f066070f060>]
[8<060f0f066070f060>]
[8<060f0f0660f0f060>]
[8<060f0f0760f0f060>]
[8<060f0f0760f0f070>]
[8<0e0f0f0760f0f070>]
[8<0e0f0f07e0f0f070>]
[8<0e0f0f0fe0f0f070>]
[8<0e0f0f0fe0f0f0f0>]
[8<0f0f0f0fe0f0f0f0>]
[8<0f0f0f0ff0f0f0f0>]
[8<1f0f0f0ff0f0f0f0>]
[8<1f0f0f0ff1f0f0f0>]
[8<1f0f0f8ff1f0f0f0>]
[8<1f0f0f8ff1f0f0f8>]
[8<9f0f0f8ff1f0f0f8>]
[8<9f0f0f8ff9f0f0f8>]
[8<9f0f0f9ff9f0f0f8>]
[8<9f0f0f9ff9f0f0f9>]
[8<9f8f0f9ff9f0f0f9>]
[8<9f8f0f9ff9f8f0f9>]
[8<9f8f1f9ff9f8f0f9>]
[8<9f8f1f9ff9f8f1f9>]
[8<bf8f1f9ff9f8f1f9>]
[8<bf8f1f9ffbf8f1f9>]
[8<bf8f1fdffbf8f1f9>]
[8<bf8f1fdffbf8f1fd>]
[8<ff8f1fdffbf8f1fd>]
[8<ff8f1fdffff8f1fd>]
[8<ff8f1ffffff8f1fd>]
[8<ff8f1ffffff8f1ff>]
[8<ff9f1ffffff8f1ff>]
[8<ff9f1ffffff9f1ff>]
[8<ff9f9ffffff9f1ff>]
[8<ff9f9ffffff9f9ff>]
[8<ffbf9ffffff9f9ff>]
[8<ffbf9ffffffbf9ff>]
[8<ffbfdffffffbf9ff>]
[8<ffbfdffffffbfdff>]
[8<ffffdffffffbfdff>]
[8<ffffdffffffffdff>]
[8<fffffffffffffdff>]
[8<ffffffffffffffff>]]
[%mg
[8<8000000000000000>]
[8<0822080080228000>]
[8<0204081020408001>]
[8<40e0400000000000>]
[8<66999966>]
[8<8001000010080000>]
[8<81c36666c3810000>]
[8<f0e0c08000000000>]
[16<07c00f801f003e007c00f800f001e003c007800f001f003e007c00f801f003e0>]
[16<1f000f8007c003e001f000f8007c003e001f800fc007e003f001f8007c003e00>]
[8<c3c300000000c3c3>]
[16<0040008001000200040008001000200040008000000100020004000800100020>]
[16<0040002000100008000400020001800040002000100008000400020001000080>]
[16<1fc03fe07df0f8f8f07de03fc01f800fc01fe03ff07df8f87df03fe01fc00f80>]
[8<80>]
[8<8040201000000000>]
[8<84cc000048cc0000>]
[8<9900009900000000>]
[8<08040201804020100800020180002010>]
[8<2418814242811824>]
[8<66999966>]
[8<8000000008000000>]
[8<70f8d8f870000000>]
[8<0814224180402010>]
[8<aa00440a11a04400>]
[8<018245aa45820100>]
[8<221c224180808041>]
[8<88000000>]
[8<0855800080550800>]
[8<2844004482440044>]
[8<0810204080412214>]
[8<00>]]]def
/Dfill{
 transform /maxy exch def /maxx exch def
 transform /miny exch def /minx exch def
 minx maxx gt{/minx maxx /maxx minx def def}if
 miny maxy gt{/miny maxy /maxy miny def def}if
 Dpatterns Dstipple 1 sub get exch 1 sub get
 aload pop /stip exch def /stipw exch def /stiph 128 def
 /imatrix[stipw 0 0 stiph 0 0]def
 /tmatrix[stipw 0 0 stiph 0 0]def
 /minx minx cvi stiph idiv stiph mul def
 /miny miny cvi stipw idiv stipw mul def
 gsave eoclip 0 setgray
 miny stiph maxy{
  tmatrix exch 5 exch put
  minx stipw maxx{
   tmatrix exch 4 exch put tmatrix setmatrix
   stipw stiph true imatrix {stip} imagemask
  }for
 }for
 grestore
}def
/Dp{Dfill Dstroke}def
/DP{Dfill currentpoint newpath moveto}def
end

/ditstart{$DITroff begin
 /nfonts 60 def			% NFONTS makedev/ditroff dependent!
 /fonts[nfonts{0}repeat]def
 /fontnames[nfonts{()}repeat]def
/docsave save def
}def

% character outcalls
/oc{
 /pswid exch def /cc exch def /name exch def
 /ditwid pswid fontsize mul resolution mul 72000 div def
 /ditsiz fontsize resolution mul 72 div def
 ocprocs name known{ocprocs name get exec}{name cb}ifelse
}def
/fractm [.65 0 0 .6 0 0] def
/fraction{
 /fden exch def /fnum exch def gsave /cf currentfont def
 cf fractm makefont setfont 0 .3 dm 2 copy neg rmoveto
 fnum show rmoveto currentfont cf setfont(\244)show setfont fden show 
 grestore ditwid 0 rmoveto
}def
/oce{grestore ditwid 0 rmoveto}def
/dm{ditsiz mul}def
/ocprocs 50 dict def ocprocs begin
(14){(1)(4)fraction}def
(12){(1)(2)fraction}def
(34){(3)(4)fraction}def
(13){(1)(3)fraction}def
(23){(2)(3)fraction}def
(18){(1)(8)fraction}def
(38){(3)(8)fraction}def
(58){(5)(8)fraction}def
(78){(7)(8)fraction}def
(sr){gsave 0 .06 dm rmoveto(\326)show oce}def
(is){gsave 0 .15 dm rmoveto(\362)show oce}def
(->){gsave 0 .02 dm rmoveto(\256)show oce}def
(<-){gsave 0 .02 dm rmoveto(\254)show oce}def
(==){gsave 0 .05 dm rmoveto(\272)show oce}def
(uc){gsave currentpoint 400 .009 dm mul add translate
     8 -8 scale ucseal oce}def
end

% an attempt at a PostScript FONT to implement ditroff special chars
% this will enable us to 
%	cache the little buggers
%	generate faster, more compact PS out of psdit
%	confuse everyone (including myself)!
50 dict dup begin
/FontType 3 def
/FontName /DIThacks def
/FontMatrix [.001 0 0 .001 0 0] def
/FontBBox [-260 -260 900 900] def% a lie but ...
/Encoding 256 array def
0 1 255{Encoding exch /.notdef put}for
Encoding
 dup 8#040/space put %space
 dup 8#110/rc put %right ceil
 dup 8#111/lt put %left  top curl
 dup 8#112/bv put %bold vert
 dup 8#113/lk put %left  mid curl
 dup 8#114/lb put %left  bot curl
 dup 8#115/rt put %right top curl
 dup 8#116/rk put %right mid curl
 dup 8#117/rb put %right bot curl
 dup 8#120/rf put %right floor
 dup 8#121/lf put %left  floor
 dup 8#122/lc put %left  ceil
 dup 8#140/sq put %square
 dup 8#141/bx put %box
 dup 8#142/ci put %circle
 dup 8#143/br put %box rule
 dup 8#144/rn put %root extender
 dup 8#145/vr put %vertical rule
 dup 8#146/ob put %outline bullet
 dup 8#147/bu put %bullet
 dup 8#150/ru put %rule
 dup 8#151/ul put %underline
 pop
/DITfd 100 dict def
/BuildChar{0 begin
 /cc exch def /fd exch def
 /charname fd /Encoding get cc get def
 /charwid fd /Metrics get charname get def
 /charproc fd /CharProcs get charname get def
 charwid 0 fd /FontBBox get aload pop setcachedevice
 2 setlinejoin 40 setlinewidth
 newpath 0 0 moveto gsave charproc grestore
 end}def
/BuildChar load 0 DITfd put
/CharProcs 50 dict def
CharProcs begin
/space{}def
/.notdef{}def
/ru{500 0 rls}def
/rn{0 840 moveto 500 0 rls}def
/vr{0 800 moveto 0 -770 rls}def
/bv{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def
/br{0 840 moveto 0 -1000 rls}def
/ul{0 -140 moveto 500 0 rls}def
/ob{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath stroke}def
/bu{200 250 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 200 0 360 arc closepath fill}def
/sq{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto
    640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath stroke}def
/bx{80 0 rmoveto currentpoint dround newpath moveto
    640 0 rlineto 0 640 rlineto -640 0 rlineto closepath fill}def
/ci{500 360 rmoveto currentpoint newpath 333 0 360 arc
    50 setlinewidth stroke}def

/lt{0 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def
/lb{0 800 moveto 0 -550 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 add exch s4 a4p stroke}def
/rt{0 -200 moveto 0 550 rlineto currx 800 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def
/rb{0 800 moveto 0 -500 rlineto currx -200 2cx s4 sub exch s4 a4p stroke}def
/lk{0 800 moveto 0 300 -300 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub
    0 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 0 -200 lineto stroke}def
/rk{0 800 moveto 0 300 s2 300 s4 arcto pop pop 1000 sub
    0 300 4 2 roll s4 a4p 0 -200 lineto stroke}def
/lf{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def
/rf{0 800 moveto 0 -1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def
/lc{0 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 0 rls}def
/rc{0 -200 moveto 0 1000 rlineto s4 neg 0 rls}def
end

/Metrics 50 dict def Metrics begin
/.notdef 0 def
/space 500 def
/ru 500 def
/br 0 def
/lt 416 def
/lb 416 def
/rt 416 def
/rb 416 def
/lk 416 def
/rk 416 def
/rc 416 def
/lc 416 def
/rf 416 def
/lf 416 def
/bv 416 def
/ob 350 def
/bu 350 def
/ci 750 def
/bx 750 def
/sq 750 def
/rn 500 def
/ul 500 def
/vr 0 def
end

%% Psfig additions
/startFig {
	/SavedState save def
	userdict maxlength dict begin
	currentpoint transform

	DocumentInitState setmiterlimit setgray setdash setlinejoin setlinecap
		setlinewidth setmatrix

	itransform moveto

	/ury exch def
	/urx exch def
	/lly exch def
	/llx exch def
	/y exch 72 mul resolution div def
	/x exch 72 mul resolution div def
	
	currentpoint /cy exch def /cx exch def

	/sx x urx llx sub div def 	% scaling for x
	/sy y ury lly sub div def	% scaling for y

	sx sy scale			% scale by (sx,sy)

	cx sx div llx sub
	cy sy div ury sub translate
	
	/DefFigCTM matrix currentmatrix def

	/initmatrix {
		DefFigCTM setmatrix
	} def
	/defaultmatrix {
		DefFigCTM exch copy
	} def

	/initgraphics {
		DocumentInitState setmiterlimit setgray setdash 
			setlinejoin setlinecap setlinewidth setmatrix
		DefFigCTM setmatrix
	} def

	/showpage {
		initgraphics
	} def

} def
% Args are llx lly urx ury (in figure coordinates)
/clipFig {
	currentpoint 6 2 roll
	newpath 4 copy
	4 2 roll moveto
	6 -1 roll exch lineto
	exch lineto
	exch lineto
	closepath clip
	newpath
	moveto
} def
% doclip, if called, will always be just after a `startfig'
/doclip { llx lly urx ury clipFig } def
/endFig {
	end SavedState restore
} def
/globalstart {
	% Push details about the enviornment on the stack.
	fontnum fontsize fontslant fontheight firstpage 
	mh my resolution slotno currentpoint 
	pagesave restore gsave 
} def
/globalend {
	grestore moveto
	/slotno exch def /resolution exch def /my exch def
	/mh exch def /firstpage exch def /fontheight exch def
	/fontslant exch def /fontsize exch def /fontnum exch def
	F
	/pagesave save def
} def

%% end XMOD additions

DITfd begin
/s2 500 def /s4 250 def /s3 333 def
/a4p{arcto pop pop pop pop}def
/2cx{2 copy exch}def
/rls{rlineto stroke}def
/currx{currentpoint pop}def
/dround{transform round exch round exch itransform} def
end
end
/DIThacks exch definefont pop
ditstart
(psc)xT
576 1 1 xr
1(Times-Roman)xf 1 f
2(Times-Italic)xf 2 f
3(Times-Bold)xf 3 f
4(Times-BoldItalic)xf 4 f
5(Helvetica)xf 5 f
6(Helvetica-Bold)xf 6 f
7(Courier)xf 7 f
8(Courier-Bold)xf 8 f
9(Symbol)xf 9 f
10(DIThacks)xf 10 f
10 s
1 f
xi
%%EndProlog

%%Page: 1 1
10 s 0 xH 0 xS 1 f
11 s
3 f
12 s
1295 780(FUTURE)N
1713(TRENDS)X
2125(IN)X
2255(DATA)X
2550(BASE)X
2824(SYSTEMS)X
2 f
11 s
1912 1176(Michael)N
2223(Stonebraker)X
1613 1374(Department)N
2055(of)X
2146(Electrical)X
2517(Engineering)X
1867 1473(and)N
2021(Computer)X
2395(Sciences)X
1858 1572(University)N
2247(of)X
2338(California)X
1929 1671(Berkeley,)N
2281(CA)X
2416(94720)X
3 f
12 s
2080 2205(Abstract)N
1 f
11 s
755 2337(This)N
935(paper)X
1153(discusses)X
1503(the)X
1634(likely)X
1859(evolution)X
2216(of)X
2312(commercial)X
2752(data)X
2921(managers)X
3280(over)X
3458(the)X
3588(next)X
3762(several)X
555 2436(years.)N
784(Topics)X
1046(to)X
1137(be)X
1242(covered)X
1542(include:)X
875 2568(Why)N
1068(SQL)X
1256(has)X
1395(become)X
1691(an)X
1796(intergalactic)X
2255(standard.)X
875 2667(Who)N
1068(will)X
1228(bene\256t)X
1490(from)X
1683(SQL)X
1871(standardization.)X
875 2766(Why)N
1068(the)X
1198(current)X
1469(SQL)X
1657(standard)X
1977(has)X
2116(no)X
2226(chance)X
2492(of)X
2587(lasting.)X
875 2865(Why)N
1068(all)X
1179(data)X
1348(base)X
1526(systems)X
1827(will)X
1987(be)X
2092(distributed)X
2492(soon.)X
875 2964(What)N
1088(new)X
1256(technologies)X
1724(are)X
1853(likely)X
2077(to)X
2168(be)X
2273(commercialized.)X
875 3063(Why)N
1068(vendor)X
1334(independence)X
1840(may)X
2014(be)X
2119(achievable.)X
555 3195(The)N
722(objective)X
1076(of)X
1179(this)X
1336(paper)X
1560(is)X
1648(to)X
1746(present)X
2029(the)X
2166(author's)X
2483(vision)X
2728(of)X
2830(the)X
2967(future.)X
3250(As)X
3376(with)X
3562(all)X
3680(papers)X
3938(of)X
555 3294(this)N
714(sort,)X
899(this)X
1058(vision)X
1305(is)X
1395(likely)X
1628(to)X
1728(be)X
1842(controversial.)X
2377(Moreover,)X
2776(the)X
2915(reader)X
3165(will)X
3333(detect)X
3574(many)X
3800(of)X
3903(the)X
555 3393(author's)N
865(biases)X
1102(and)X
1251(is)X
1332(advised)X
1623(to)X
1714(react)X
1907(with)X
2086(the)X
2216(appropriate)X
2639(discounting.)X
3 f
12 s
555 3588(1.)N
675(INTRODUCTION)X
1 f
11 s
755 3720(This)N
941(paper)X
1165(is)X
1253(written)X
1532(from)X
1731(the)X
1867(perspective)X
2296(of)X
2397(a)X
2464(researcher)X
2852(who)X
3031(has)X
3176(had)X
3331(some)X
3545(opportunities)X
555 3819(to)N
654(observe)X
957(the)X
1094(commercial)X
1540(marketplace)X
2000(over)X
2185(the)X
2322(last)X
2474(several)X
2752(years.)X
3010(From)X
3230(this)X
3387(exposure)X
3733(I)X
3791(would)X
555 3918(like)N
713(to)X
807(comment)X
1161(on)X
1274(some)X
1485(of)X
1583(the)X
1716(current)X
1990(trends)X
2230(in)X
2324(this)X
2477(marketplace.)X
2977(In)X
3075(addition,)X
3412(I)X
3466(would)X
3711(also)X
3878(like)X
555 4017(to)N
646(speculate)X
996(on)X
1106(some)X
1314(of)X
1409(the)X
1539(likely)X
1763(trends)X
2000(in)X
2091(the)X
2221(marketplace)X
2674(over)X
2852(the)X
2982(next)X
3156(several)X
3427(years.)X
755 4149(Due)N
927(to)X
1022(the)X
1156(position)X
1467(of)X
1566(IBM,)X
1780(the)X
1914(importance)X
2337(of)X
2436(SQL)X
2628(in)X
2723(this)X
2877(evolution)X
3237(cannot)X
3498(be)X
3607(discounted.)X
555 4248(Others)N
813(have)X
1002(pointed)X
1290(out)X
1426(the)X
1557(numerous)X
1927(serious)X
2199(\257aws)X
2407(in)X
2499(SQL)X
2688([DATE85].)X
3135(Consequently,)X
3665(this)X
3816(paper)X
555 4347(will)N
717(not)X
854(discuss)X
1132(the)X
1264(technical)X
1606(problems)X
1957(in)X
2049(the)X
2180(language;)X
2546(rather,)X
2796(it)X
2869(will)X
3030(focus)X
3243(on)X
3354(the)X
3485(impact)X
3749(of)X
3845(SQL)X
555 4446(standardization.)N
1176(It)X
1268(will)X
1444(brie\257y)X
1712(discuss)X
2004(why)X
2193(the)X
2338(standard)X
2673(came)X
2896(about.)X
3173(However,)X
3553(more)X
3771(impor-)X
555 4545(tantly,)N
807(it)X
885(will)X
1051(make)X
1270(a)X
1337(case)X
1516(that)X
1676(very)X
1859(few)X
2017(organizations)X
2519(will)X
2684(bene\256t)X
2951(directly)X
3248(from)X
3446(the)X
3581(standardiza-)X
555 4644(tion)N
721(effort.)X
988(Consequently,)X
1523(considerable)X
1996(effort)X
2219(is)X
2306(being)X
2530(spent)X
2744(to)X
2840(construct)X
3190(a)X
3256(standard,)X
3603(and)X
3757(organi-)X
555 4743(zations)N
827(may)X
1001(not)X
1136(reap)X
1309(the)X
1439(bene\256ts)X
1735(which)X
1972(they)X
2146(anticipate.)X
755 4875(Then,)N
989(the)X
1128(paper)X
1354(will)X
1523(turn)X
1696(to)X
1796(the)X
1935(current)X
2215(collection)X
2595(of)X
2699(prototype)X
3068(data)X
3246(base)X
3432(systems)X
3741(that)X
3904(are)X
555 4974(being)N
781(constructed)X
1217(in)X
1316(research)X
1638(labs)X
1809(around)X
2082(the)X
2219(world.)X
2497(In)X
2599(particular,)X
2988(the)X
3125(characteristics)X
3658(that)X
3820(make)X
555 5073(these)N
775(systems)X
1093(noticeably)X
1499(better)X
1738(than)X
1928(current)X
2215(commercial)X
2670(systems)X
2987(are)X
3132(identi\256ed.)X
3548(Unless)X
3825(some)X
555 5172(dramatic)N
889(slowdown)X
1275(in)X
1369(technology)X
1786(transfer)X
2079(takes)X
2285(place,)X
2518(these)X
2724(ideas)X
2930(will)X
3092(quickly)X
3381(move)X
3601(from)X
3796(proto-)X
555 5271(types)N
771(into)X
939(commercial)X
1386(systems.)X
1739(The)X
1905(paper)X
2129(then)X
2310(argues)X
2568(that)X
2730(this)X
2887(movement)X
3289(of)X
3391(new)X
3566(features)X
3873(will)X
555 5370(spell)N
744(the)X
874(doom)X
1097(of)X
1192(a)X
1253(standardized)X
1720(version)X
2001(of)X
2096(SQL.)X
755 5502(The)N
919(paper)X
1141(then)X
1320(considers)X
1678(important)X
2048(technological)X
2550(trends.)X
2835(The)X
2998(most)X
3196(signi\256cant)X
3590(one)X
3743(appears)X
555 5601(to)N
654(be)X
767(distributed)X
1175(data)X
1351(bases,)X
1592(and)X
1748(the)X
1885(paper)X
2109(turns)X
2314(to)X
2412(this)X
2569(phenomenon)X
3053(and)X
3209(explains)X
3532(why)X
3712(all)X
3830(com-)X
555 5700(mercial)N
862(systems)X
1183(are)X
1332(likely)X
1575(to)X
1685(become)X
2000(distributed)X
2419(data)X
2607(managers.)X
3029(It)X
3124(also)X
3307(comments)X
3711(on)X
3840(what)X
555 5799(important)N
930(problems)X
1289(remain)X
1565(to)X
1664(be)X
1777(solved)X
2037(to)X
2136(facilitate)X
2476(``industrial)X
2898(strength'')X
3270(distributed)X
3678(data)X
3855(base)X
3 f
12 s
2259 6048(1)N

2 p
%%Page: 2 2
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(systems.)N
755 903(In)N
857(addition,)X
1198(I)X
1256(will)X
1423(comment)X
1781(on)X
1898(other)X
2108(technological)X
2613(and)X
2769(research)X
3090(trends)X
3334(which)X
3577(are)X
3712(likely)X
3942(to)X
555 1002(be)N
680(signi\256cant)X
1090(in)X
1201(future)X
1453(data)X
1642(base)X
1840(managers.)X
2263(These)X
2515(comments)X
2920(are)X
3069(in)X
3180(the)X
3330(areas)X
3552(of)X
3667(data)X
3855(base)X
555 1101(machines,)N
939(high)X
1125(transaction)X
1540(rate)X
1700(systems,)X
2029(main)X
2234(memory)X
2556(data)X
2731(base)X
2915(systems,)X
3244(and)X
3399(new)X
3573(storage)X
3855(dev-)X
555 1200(ices.)N
755 1332(Lastly,)N
1022(the)X
1154(paper)X
1373(will)X
1535(address)X
1821(a)X
1883(very)X
2062(serious)X
2334(problem)X
2651(which)X
2889(most)X
3084(users)X
3287(of)X
3383(data)X
3553(base)X
3732(systems)X
555 1431(struggle)N
862(with.)X
1086(Namely,)X
1410(they)X
1585(are)X
1715(constrained)X
2144(to)X
2235(coping)X
2497(with)X
2676(``the)X
2864(sins)X
3023(of)X
3118(the)X
3248(past,'')X
3492(namely)X
3774(a)X
3835(large)X
555 1530(amount)N
869(of)X
991(application)X
1433(code)X
1648(written)X
1947(in)X
2065(COBOL)X
2411(or)X
2532(other)X
2761(third)X
2976(generation)X
3396(languages)X
3796(which)X
555 1629(accesses)N
879(previous)X
1209(generation)X
1608(data)X
1782(managers)X
2146(\(such)X
2363(as)X
2463(IMS)X
2646(and)X
2800(other)X
3008(``tired)X
3255(technology'')X
3732(systems)X
555 1728(as)N
655(well)X
834(as)X
934(``home-brew'')X
1477(data)X
1651(managers\).)X
2088(This)X
2272(accumulated)X
2744(baggage)X
3063(from)X
3260(the)X
3394(past)X
3562(is)X
3647(usually)X
3928(an)X
555 1827(impediment)N
1003(to)X
1097(taking)X
1342(advantage)X
1723(of)X
1820(future)X
2054(hardware)X
2404(and)X
2555(software)X
2881(possibilities.)X
3372(Consequently,)X
3903(the)X
555 1926(paper)N
777(closes)X
1019(with)X
1203(a)X
1269(step-by-step)X
1726(procedure)X
2104(by)X
2219(which)X
2460(any)X
2613(user)X
2785(can)X
2933(migrate)X
3229(over)X
3411(a)X
3476(period)X
3727(of)X
3826(years)X
555 2025(into)N
717(an)X
824(environment)X
1294(where)X
1532(he)X
1639(is)X
1722(not)X
1859(constrained)X
2289(to)X
2382(the)X
2513(iron)X
2678(of)X
2774(any)X
2924(particular)X
3285(hardware)X
3634(vendor.)X
3923(At)X
555 2124(the)N
689(end)X
842(of)X
941(this)X
1095(paper,)X
1338(I)X
1393(will)X
1557(revisit)X
1804(the)X
1938(issue)X
2140(of)X
2239(standardization)X
2804(in)X
2899(light)X
3088(of)X
3187(the)X
3320(proposed)X
3667(migration)X
555 2223(path)N
729(and)X
878(indicate)X
1180(what)X
1373(sort)X
1527(of)X
1622(standardization)X
2183(activity)X
2471(might)X
2700(assist)X
2913(this)X
3063(process.)X
3 f
12 s
555 2418(2.)N
675(WHY)X
939(SQL)X
1 f
11 s
755 2550(About)N
1001(1984)X
1203(the)X
1337(tom-toms)X
1702(started)X
1963(beating)X
2249(very)X
2431(loudly)X
2683(for)X
2811(SQL.)X
3025(The)X
3188(message)X
3512(was)X
3674(conveyed)X
555 2649(\256rst)N
720(by)X
836(hardware)X
1190(vendors)X
1496(\(iron)X
1695(mongers\))X
2055(in)X
2151(search)X
2402(of)X
2502(a)X
2568(data)X
2742(manager.)X
3116(In)X
3216(brief)X
3409(the)X
3544(message)X
3869(said)X
555 2748(``IBM)N
808(will)X
975(make)X
1195(a)X
1263(big)X
1405(deal)X
1581(of)X
1683(DB)X
1834(2)X
1907(and)X
2063(SQL.)X
2302(I)X
2360(want)X
2560(to)X
2658(be)X
2770(compatible)X
3192(with)X
3378(IBM.'')X
3674(A)X
3765(similar)X
555 2847(message)N
880(was)X
1043(conveyed)X
1407(by)X
1522(so-called)X
1867(value-added)X
2324(resellers)X
2644(\(VARS\))X
2963(who)X
3140(said)X
3308(``I)X
3421(want)X
3618(application)X
555 2946(code)N
743(that)X
898(I)X
949(write)X
1152(to)X
1243(run)X
1382(both)X
1561(on)X
1671(your)X
1854(data)X
2023(manager)X
2348(and)X
2497(on)X
2607(DB)X
2751(2''.)X
2897(Discussions)X
3339(with)X
3518(VARS)X
3774(or)X
3869(iron)X
555 3045(mongers)N
886(concerning)X
3 f
1305(exactly)X
1 f
1597(what)X
1795(they)X
1974(meant)X
2217(by)X
2332(SQL)X
2525(and)X
2679(exactly)X
2961(what)X
3159(they)X
3338(wanted)X
3619(in)X
3715(terms)X
3938(of)X
555 3144 0.3177(compatibility)AN
1066(usually)X
1359(evoked)X
1650(an)X
1770(answer)X
2055(of)X
2165(``I)X
2289(don't)X
2512(know''.)X
2846(Hence)X
3107(the)X
3252(early)X
3465(tom-toms)X
3841(were)X
555 3243(being)N
773(beaten)X
1025(by)X
1135(people)X
1392(who)X
1565(were)X
1757(not)X
1892(exactly)X
2169(sure)X
2337(of)X
2432(what)X
2625(they)X
2799(wanted.)X
755 3375(Later,)N
994(the)X
1133(tom-tom)X
1468(pounding)X
1831(was)X
1997(picked)X
2262(up)X
2380(by)X
2498(representatives)X
3056(of)X
3159(large)X
3365(users)X
3575(of)X
3678(data)X
3855(base)X
555 3474(services.)N
904(Usually,)X
1222(the)X
1352(message)X
1672(they)X
1846(delivered)X
2196(was:)X
907 3672(``I)N
1019(need)X
1210(to)X
1304(run)X
1446(my)X
1584(applications)X
2036(on)X
2149(IBM)X
2339(iron)X
2505(and)X
2656(on)X
2768(the)X
2900(iron)X
3066(of)X
3163(vendors)X
3465(X,)X
3574(Y,)X
907 3771(and)N
1062(Z.)X
1188(I)X
1245(plan)X
1425(to)X
1522(move)X
1745(to)X
1841(DB)X
1990(2)X
2061(as)X
2161(my)X
2301(IBM)X
2494(system)X
2766(and)X
2920(I)X
2976(want)X
3174(to)X
3270(ensure)X
3526(that)X
907 3870(the)N
1038(DB)X
1183(2)X
1250(applications)X
1700(I)X
1752(write)X
1956(can)X
2101(be)X
2207(moved)X
2470(to)X
2562(the)X
2693(iron)X
2858(of)X
2953(these)X
3156(other)X
3359(vendors.)X
907 3969(SQL)N
1095(is)X
1176(the)X
1306(mechanism)X
1730(that)X
1885(will)X
2045(allow)X
2263(me)X
2393(to)X
2484(achieve)X
2775(this)X
2925(objective.'')X
555 4167(The)N
719(vendors)X
1024(of)X
1124(commercial)X
1568(data)X
1742(managers)X
2106(are)X
2240(not)X
2380(stupid.)X
2667(They)X
2875(listen)X
3093(to)X
3188(the)X
3322(tom-toms)X
3687(and)X
3840(react)X
555 4266(appropriately.)N
1095(Consequently,)X
1628(all)X
1743(vendors)X
2047(of)X
2146(data)X
2319(base)X
2501(systems)X
2806(have)X
2998(put)X
3137(in)X
3231(place)X
3442(plans)X
3653(to)X
3747(support)X
555 4365(SQL.)N
789(Moreover,)X
1181(all)X
1293(other)X
1497(query)X
1720(languages)X
2095(\(e.g.)X
2274(QUEL,)X
2553(Datatrieve,)X
2965(etc.\),)X
3164(regardless)X
3543(of)X
3639(their)X
3824(intel-)X
555 4464(lectual)N
829(appeal,)X
1119(will)X
1294(become)X
1605(``sunset'')X
1978(interfaces,)X
2379(i.e.)X
2524(they)X
2713(are)X
2857(likely)X
3096(to)X
3202(slowly)X
3474(fade)X
3662(away)X
3884(and)X
555 4563(become)N
851(a)X
912(thing)X
1116(of)X
1211(the)X
1341(past.)X
1549(I)X
1600(wish)X
1788(to)X
1879(make)X
2092(two)X
2246(other)X
2449(points)X
2687(in)X
2778(a)X
2839(bit)X
2955(more)X
3158(detail.)X
755 4695(First,)N
969(there)X
1175(is)X
1264(less)X
1426(interest)X
1716(in)X
1815(standardized)X
2290(SQL)X
2486(outside)X
2771(the)X
2908(USA.)X
3156(In)X
3258(fact,)X
3441(offshore)X
3762(DBMS)X
555 4794(users)N
761(seem)X
3 f
968(much)X
1 f
1204(more)X
1411(inclined)X
1722(to)X
1816(use)X
1958(fourth)X
2198(generation)X
2595(languages)X
2972(and)X
3124(thereby)X
3413(are)X
3545(less)X
3702(sensitive)X
555 4893(to)N
646(the)X
776(SQL)X
964(issue.)X
1206(This)X
1385(point)X
1589(is)X
1670(further)X
1931(discussed)X
2290(in)X
2381(the)X
2511(next)X
2685(section.)X
755 5025(A)N
844(second)X
1113(point)X
1320(is)X
1404(that)X
1562(data)X
1734(base)X
1915(system)X
2185(vendors)X
2488(were)X
2683 0.3187(immediately)AX
3151(divided)X
3441(into)X
3604(two)X
3761(camps;)X
555 5124(those)N
771(that)X
934(already)X
1223(had)X
1380(SQL)X
1576(and)X
1733(those)X
1949(that)X
2112(had)X
2269(to)X
2368(spend)X
2603(a)X
2672(large)X
2878(number)X
3176(of)X
3278(man-years)X
3673(to)X
3771(retro\256t)X
555 5223(SQL)N
757(into)X
931(their)X
1129(systems.)X
1488(Clearly,)X
1806(this)X
1969(presented)X
2341(a)X
2415(signi\256cant)X
2818(advantage)X
3210(to)X
3314(vendors)X
3627(in)X
3731(the)X
3874(\256rst)X
555 5322(category,)N
908(and)X
1063(helped)X
1326(reshape)X
1622(the)X
1757(competitive)X
2202(positions)X
2548(of)X
2648(various)X
2934(DBMS)X
3210(suppliers.)X
3599(In)X
3699(addition,)X
555 5421(one)N
711(interesting)X
1113(measure)X
1435(of)X
1537(vendor)X
1810(responsiveness)X
2366(is)X
2454(the)X
2590(date)X
2765(of)X
2866(SQL)X
3060(introduction)X
3520(by)X
3636(vendors)X
3942(in)X
555 5520(category)N
880(2.)X
990(Responsive)X
1418(vendors)X
1718(had)X
1867(SQL)X
2055(in)X
2146(1986,)X
2366(others)X
2603(followed)X
2938(at)X
3024(later)X
3203(times.)X
3 f
12 s
2259 6048(2)N

3 p
%%Page: 3 3
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
555 771(3.)N
675(WHO)X
945(WILL)X
1230(BENEFIT)X
1675(FROM)X
1993(STANDARD)X
2548(SQL)X
1 f
11 s
755 903(We)N
901(turn)X
1067(\256rst)X
1228(to)X
1321(a)X
1384(de\256nition)X
1747(of)X
1844(three)X
2044(possible)X
2357(levels)X
2587(of)X
2683(SQL)X
2872(standardization)X
3434(that)X
3590(might)X
3820(make)X
555 1002(sense)N
784(and)X
950(indicate)X
1269(the)X
1416(level)X
1627(at)X
1730(which)X
1984(ANSI)X
2227(activity)X
2532(has)X
2688(taken)X
2918(place.)X
3186(Then,)X
3427(we)X
3567(consider)X
3903(the)X
555 1101(classes)N
821(of)X
916(users)X
1118(who)X
1291(might)X
1520(bene\256t)X
1782(from)X
1975(the)X
2105(current)X
2376(ANSI)X
2602(standardization.)X
3 f
12 s
555 1296(3.1.)N
747(Levels)X
1033(of)X
1137(Standardization)X
1 f
11 s
755 1428(There)N
982(are)X
1111(three)X
1309(possible)X
1620(ways)X
1822(of)X
1917(interpreting)X
2351(SQL:)X
875 1560(1\))N
970(SQL,)X
1180(the)X
1310(data)X
1479(de\256nition)X
1840(language)X
875 1659(2\))N
970(SQL,)X
1180(the)X
1310(query)X
1532(language)X
875 1758(3\))N
970(SQL,)X
1180(the)X
1310(embedding)X
1724(in)X
1815(a)X
1876(host)X
2045(language)X
555 1890(Using)N
800(the)X
943(\256rst)X
1115(interpretation,)X
1648(one)X
1810(would)X
2065(standardize)X
2501(CREATE,)X
2900(DROP,)X
3190(ALTER)X
3508(and)X
3669(any)X
3830(other)X
555 1989(commands)N
967(that)X
1129(involve)X
1423(storage)X
1706(management)X
2186(and)X
2342(schema)X
2635(creation)X
2948(or)X
3050(modi\256cation.)X
3570(This)X
3756(portion)X
555 2088(of)N
652(SQL)X
841(is)X
923(used)X
1107(by)X
1218(data)X
1388(base)X
1567(administrators)X
2095(\(DBAs\))X
2395(and)X
2545(standardization)X
3107(of)X
3203(SQL)X
3392(in)X
3484(this)X
3635(area)X
3804(might)X
555 2187(bene\256t)N
817(this)X
967(class)X
1160(of)X
1255(persons.)X
755 2319(Using)N
1005(the)X
1153(second)X
1437(interpretation,)X
1975(one)X
2141(would)X
2400(standardize)X
2840(SQL,)X
3067(the)X
3214(query)X
3453(language.)X
3854(This)X
555 2418(would)N
811(entail)X
1044(adding)X
1319(SELECT,)X
1700(UPDATE,)X
2103(INSERT,)X
2468(and)X
2630(DELETE)X
2998(to)X
3102(the)X
3245(list)X
3389(of)X
3497(standard)X
3830(com-)X
555 2517(mands.)N
855(In)X
954(this)X
1108(way)X
1280(an)X
1389(end)X
1542(user)X
1714(of)X
1813(standard)X
2137(SQL)X
2329(could)X
2551(expect)X
2807(his)X
2936(SQL)X
3128(commands)X
3535(to)X
3629(run)X
3771(on)X
3884(any)X
555 2616(DBMS)N
826(supporting)X
1225(the)X
1355(standard.)X
755 2748(The)N
915(third)X
1105(interpretation)X
1604(would)X
1847(standardize)X
2271(SQL)X
2460(as)X
2556(it)X
2629(is)X
2711(executed)X
3047(from)X
3240(a)X
3301(host)X
3470(language.)X
3854(This)X
555 2847(interface)N
892(includes)X
1215(the)X
1352(DECLARE)X
1787(CURSOR,)X
2190(OPEN)X
2448(CURSOR,)X
2851(FETCH,)X
3181(UPDATE,)X
3577(and)X
3732(CLOSE)X
555 2946(CURSOR)N
944(commands.)X
1407(In)X
1517(this)X
1682(way,)X
1887(a)X
1963(programmer)X
2434(could)X
2666(expect)X
2932(his)X
3071(host)X
3254(language)X
3608(program)X
3942(to)X
555 3045(work)N
757(across)X
998(multiple)X
1316(DBMSs)X
1621(that)X
1776(adhered)X
2076(to)X
2167(the)X
2297(standard.)X
755 3177(Loosely)N
1061(speaking)X
1396(we)X
1520(can)X
1664(call)X
1814(these)X
2017(three)X
2215(levels:)X
875 3309(level)N
1069(1:)X
1182(the)X
1312(DBA)X
1519(level)X
875 3408(level)N
1069(2:)X
1182(the)X
1312(end)X
1461(user)X
1629(level)X
875 3507(level)N
1069(3:)X
1182(the)X
1312(programmer)X
1769(level)X
755 3672(It)N
836(should)X
1098(be)X
1208(clearly)X
1475(noted)X
1698(that)X
1858(the)X
1993(ongoing)X
2309(ANSI)X
2539(standardization)X
3104(effort)X
3325(is)X
3410(at)X
3500(level)X
3698(3.)X
3812(How-)X
555 3771(ever,)N
753(vendors)X
1056(often)X
1262(mean)X
1478(something)X
1871(else)X
2033(by)X
2146(standard)X
2469(SQL.)X
2681(For)X
2827(example,)X
3172(Sybase)X
3445(has)X
3586(chosen)X
3854(only)X
555 3870(to)N
662(implement)X
1079(level)X
1289(2)X
1371(SQL,)X
1597(while)X
1831(INGRES,)X
2208(Oracle)X
2480(and)X
2645(DB)X
2805(2)X
2886(all)X
3012(implement)X
3428(level)X
3637(3.)X
3762(Conse-)X
555 3969(quently,)N
869(the)X
1004(purchaser)X
1372(of)X
1472(a)X
1538(data)X
1712(base)X
1895(system)X
2167(should)X
2429(carefully)X
2769(inquire)X
3046(as)X
3146(to)X
3242(what)X
3439(``SQL)X
3689(support'')X
555 4068(really)N
778(means)X
1025(when)X
1237(he)X
1342(is)X
1423(contemplating)X
1951(an)X
2056(SQL-based)X
2473(data)X
2642(manager.)X
755 4200(The)N
916(last)X
1063(point)X
1269(to)X
1362(note)X
1538(is)X
1621(that)X
1778(level)X
1974(3)X
2042(ANSI)X
2270(SQL,)X
2482(DB)X
2628(2)X
2696(and)X
2846(SQL/DS)X
3172(are)X
3 f
3302(all)X
1 f
3419(slightly)X
3708(different)X
555 4299(versions)N
876(of)X
976(SQL.)X
1213(Hence,)X
1486(the)X
1621(concept)X
1922(``standard)X
2305(SQL'')X
2556(must)X
2755(be)X
2865(carefully)X
3205(tempered)X
3560(to)X
3656(re\257ect)X
3903(the)X
555 4398(fact)N
711(that)X
868(all)X
981(level)X
1177(3)X
1245(SQL)X
1435(systems)X
1738(are)X
1869(different)X
2196(in)X
2289(at)X
2376(least)X
2561(minor)X
2795(ways.)X
3042(This)X
3222(corresponds)X
3669(closely)X
3942(to)X
555 4497(the)N
688(current)X
962(UNIX)X
1205(marketplace)X
1661(where)X
1900(the)X
2033(UNIXes)X
2348(offered)X
2625(by)X
2737(various)X
3020(vendors)X
3322(also)X
3488(differ)X
3707(in)X
3800(minor)X
555 4596(ways.)N
3 f
12 s
555 4791(3.2.)N
747(Who)X
968(Will)X
1169(Bene\256t)X
1481(From)X
1735(SQL)X
1951(Standardization)X
1 f
3 f
555 4986(3.2.1.)N
819(Introduction)X
1 f
11 s
755 5118(As)N
876(mentioned)X
1273(earlier,)X
1544(ANSI)X
1772(has)X
1913(standardized)X
2382(a)X
2445(level)X
2641(3)X
2709(SQL)X
2898(interface.)X
3273(Such)X
3472(standardization)X
555 5217(might)N
784(be)X
889(of)X
984(bene\256t)X
1246(to:)X
875 5349(data)N
1044(base)X
1222(administrators)X
875 5448(end)N
1024(users)X
875 5547(application)N
1290(programmers)X
875 5646(vendors)N
1175(of)X
1270(4th)X
1405(generation)X
1799(languages)X
875 5745(vendors)N
1175(of)X
1270(distributed)X
1670(data)X
1839(base)X
2017(systems)X
3 f
12 s
2259 6048(3)N

4 p
%%Page: 4 4
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(In)N
655(the)X
790(next)X
969(several)X
1245(subsections)X
1678(we)X
1807(indicate)X
2114(which)X
2355(of)X
2454(these)X
2661(groups)X
2926(are)X
3059(likely)X
3287(to)X
3382(bene\256t)X
3648(from)X
3845(SQL)X
555 870(standardization.)N
3 f
12 s
555 1065(3.2.2.)N
819(Data)X
1040(Base)X
1256(Administrators)X
1 f
11 s
755 1197(Clearly,)N
1069(a)X
1140(level)X
1343(3)X
1418(standard)X
1747(includes)X
2072(a)X
2142(level)X
2345(1)X
2420(standard)X
2749(as)X
2853(a)X
2923(subset.)X
3218(Consequently,)X
3756(a)X
3826(DBA)X
555 1296(who)N
732(garners)X
1016(experience)X
1423(with)X
1605(schema)X
1894(de\256nition)X
2258(on)X
2371(one)X
2523(data)X
2695(manager)X
3023(will)X
3186(be)X
3294(able)X
3466(to)X
3560(leverage)X
3883(this)X
555 1395(experience)N
966(when)X
1186(designing)X
1559(data)X
1736(bases)X
1956(for)X
2087(a)X
2155(second)X
2428(DBMS.)X
2750(Hence,)X
3025(a)X
3093(DBA)X
3307(should)X
3571(bene\256t)X
3840(from)X
555 1494(the)N
685(ANSI)X
911(standardization)X
1472(effort.)X
1733(However,)X
2098(there)X
2296(are)X
2425(several)X
2696(caveats)X
2977(that)X
3132(must)X
3326(be)X
3431(noted.)X
755 1626(First,)N
985(most)X
1203(relational)X
1583(DBMSs)X
1912(have)X
2124(nearly)X
2389(the)X
2542(same)X
2768(collection)X
3162(of)X
3280(level)X
3497(1)X
3586(capabilities.)X
555 1725(Hence,)N
837(except)X
1103(for)X
1241(minor)X
1487(syntactic)X
1836(variations,)X
2241(level)X
2448(1)X
2527(was)X
2698(already)X
2992(effectively)X
3404(standardized)X
3884(and)X
555 1824(there)N
753(was)X
911(no)X
1021(need)X
1209(for)X
1333(ANSI)X
1559(machinery)X
1953(in)X
2044(this)X
2194(area.)X
755 1956(Second,)N
1059(differences)X
1472(exist)X
1662(in)X
1754(the)X
1885(storage)X
2162(of)X
2257(data)X
2426(dictionary)X
2806(information)X
3245(\(the)X
3404(system)X
3671(catalogs\).)X
555 2055(A)N
644(DBA)X
855(usually)X
1136(wishes)X
1401(to)X
1495(query)X
1720(the)X
1853(system)X
2123(catalogs)X
2437(to)X
2531(retrieve)X
2825(schema)X
3114(information.)X
3600(The)X
3762(current)X
555 2154(ANSI)N
786(standard)X
1111(does)X
1299(not)X
1439(address)X
1729(this)X
1884(aspect,)X
2153(and)X
2307(each)X
2495(standard)X
2820(SQL)X
3013(system)X
3285(will)X
3450(have)X
3643(a)X
3708(different)X
555 2253(representation)N
1087(for)X
1222(the)X
1363(dictionary.)X
1776(Lastly,)X
2052(differences)X
2475(exist)X
2675(in)X
2777(the)X
2917(exact)X
3135(form)X
3338(of)X
3443(indexes)X
3744(and)X
3903(the)X
555 2352(view)N
760(support)X
1057(facilities,)X
1417(which)X
1665(may)X
1850(in\257uence)X
2206(the)X
2347(details)X
2611(of)X
2717(data)X
2897(base)X
3086(design.)X
3393(The)X
3563(current)X
3845(SQL)X
555 2451(standard)N
875(does)X
1058(not)X
1193(address)X
1478(these)X
1681(differences,)X
2115(and)X
2264(they)X
2438(limit)X
2629(the)X
2759(leverage)X
3079(a)X
3140(DBA)X
3347(can)X
3491(expect.)X
755 2583(In)N
852(summary,)X
1226(all)X
1339(current)X
1612(relational)X
1970(systems)X
2272(are)X
2402(standard)X
2723(in)X
2815(that)X
2971(they)X
3146(allow)X
3365(a)X
3427(user)X
3596(to)X
3688(construct)X
555 2682(and)N
713(index)X
940(relations)X
1275(consisting)X
1664(of)X
1768(named)X
2034(columns,)X
2386(usually)X
2672(with)X
2859(nearly)X
3109(the)X
3247(same)X
3458(syntax.)X
3762(Conse-)X
555 2781(quently,)N
874(data)X
1053(base)X
1241(design)X
1503(methodologies)X
2055(appropriate)X
2488(to)X
2588(one)X
2746(system)X
3022(are)X
3160(nearly)X
3411(guaranteed)X
3828(to)X
3928(be)X
555 2880(appropriate)N
986(for)X
1118(other)X
1329(systems.)X
1660(At)X
1778(this)X
1936(level,)X
2160(current)X
2439(relational)X
2803(systems)X
3111(are)X
3247(already)X
3535(standard,)X
3884(and)X
555 2979(nothing)N
847(additional)X
1223(need)X
1411(be)X
1516(done.)X
755 3111(There)N
997(are)X
1141(also)X
1320(differences)X
1747(between)X
2077(the)X
2222(various)X
2518(systems)X
2834(in)X
2939(the)X
3083(areas)X
3299(of)X
3408(types)X
3630(of)X
3739(indices,)X
555 3210(storage)N
838(of)X
940(system)X
1214(catalogs,)X
1554(and)X
1710(view)X
1910(support.)X
2247(These)X
2486(aspects)X
2769(are)X
2904(not)X
3045(yet)X
3181(addressed)X
3555(by)X
3671(the)X
3807(ANSI)X
555 3309(standardization)N
1118(effort.)X
1381(As)X
1502(a)X
1565(result,)X
1807(I)X
1860(don't)X
2070(perceive)X
2392(that)X
2548(DBAs)X
2790(will)X
2951(bene\256t)X
3214(greatly)X
3482(from)X
3676(the)X
3807(ANSI)X
555 3408(effort,)N
794(relative)X
1081(to)X
1172(what)X
1365(they)X
1539(will)X
1699 0.2604(automatically)AX
2203(gain)X
2377(just)X
2527(by)X
2637(using)X
2850(relational)X
3206(systems.)X
3 f
12 s
555 3603(3.2.3.)N
819(End)X
1013(Users)X
1 f
11 s
755 3735(Since)N
976(the)X
1109(ANSI)X
1338(standardization)X
1902(effort)X
2122(includes)X
2441(a)X
2505(level)X
2702(2)X
2771(SQL)X
2962(facility)X
3238(as)X
3335(a)X
3398(subset,)X
3664(one)X
3815(could)X
555 3834(claim)N
784(that)X
949(end)X
1108(users)X
1320(will)X
1490(bene\256t)X
1762(because)X
2072(they)X
2256(can)X
2409(learn)X
2616(the)X
2755(SQL)X
2952(for)X
3085(one)X
3243(data)X
3421(base)X
3608(system)X
3884(and)X
555 3933(then)N
733(be)X
841(able)X
1013(to)X
1107(transfer)X
1400(that)X
1558(knowledge)X
1969(to)X
2063(other)X
2269(standard)X
2592(data)X
2764(base)X
2945(systems.)X
3293(However,)X
3661(this)X
3814(claim)X
555 4032(is)N
636(seriously)X
976(\257awed.)X
755 4164(First,)N
969(end)X
1126(users)X
1336(are)X
1473(not)X
1615(going)X
1845(to)X
1943(use)X
2089(SQL.)X
2328(Human)X
2616(factors)X
2884(studies)X
3158(and)X
3314(early)X
3519(usage)X
3748(of)X
3850(rela-)X
555 4263(tional)N
780(systems)X
1082(has)X
1222(shown)X
1474(clearly)X
1737(that)X
1893(end)X
2043(users)X
2246(will)X
2407(use)X
2547(customized)X
2971(interfaces)X
3335(appropriate)X
3758(to)X
3849(their)X
555 4362(application,)N
993(usually)X
1271(of)X
1367(the)X
1498(``\256ll)X
1677(in)X
1768(the)X
1898(form'')X
2149(variety)X
2416([ROWE85].)X
2887(Such)X
3085(customized)X
3509(interfaces)X
3873(will)X
555 4461(be)N
667(written)X
946(by)X
1063(programmers.)X
1605(Consequently,)X
2141(end)X
2296(users)X
2504(will)X
2670(not)X
2811(bene\256t)X
3079(from)X
3278(SQL)X
3472(standardization)X
555 4560(because)N
855(they)X
1029(won't)X
1256(use)X
1395(the)X
1525(language.)X
755 4692(Even)N
966(if)X
1050(end)X
1207(users)X
3 f
1417(did)X
1 f
1569(use)X
1715(SQL,)X
1932(they)X
2113(are)X
2249(still)X
2412(subject)X
2691(to)X
2789(widely)X
3058(divergent)X
3420(presentation)X
3880(ser-)X
555 4791(vices.)N
803(For)X
948(example)X
1270(EASE/SQL)X
1704(from)X
1898(ORACLE)X
2273(is)X
2354(very)X
2532(different)X
2857(from)X
3050(IBMs)X
3272(QMF,)X
3506(yet)X
3636(both)X
3815(allow)X
555 4890(a)N
621(human)X
888(to)X
983(interactively)X
1451(construct)X
1800(and)X
1953(execute)X
2248(SQL)X
2440(commands.)X
2892(These)X
3128(differences)X
3544(will)X
3708(limit)X
3903(the)X
555 4989(leverage)N
875(obtainable.)X
3 f
12 s
555 5184(3.2.4.)N
819(Programmers)X
1 f
11 s
755 5316(One)N
937(could)X
1169(argue)X
1400(that)X
1569(programmers)X
2074(will)X
2248(bene\256t)X
2524(from)X
2731(standardization)X
3306(of)X
3415(the)X
3559(level)X
3766(3)X
3845(SQL)X
555 5415(interface)N
891(because)X
1197(the)X
1333(programs)X
1693(that)X
1854(they)X
2034(write)X
2243(for)X
2373(one)X
2528(SQL)X
2722(system)X
2995(will)X
3161(run)X
3306(on)X
3422(another)X
3713(standard)X
555 5514(DBMS.)N
880(Moreover,)X
1279(once)X
1476(they)X
1659(learn)X
1866(the)X
2005(de\256ne-open-fetch)X
2656(cursor)X
2906(paradigm)X
3270(for)X
3403(one)X
3561(system,)X
3859(they)X
555 5613(will)N
721 0.3187(immediately)AX
1192(be)X
1303(able)X
1477(to)X
1573(write)X
1781(programs)X
2140(for)X
2269(another)X
2560(DBMS.)X
2880(This)X
3064(argument)X
3424(is)X
3510(very)X
3693(seriously)X
555 5712(\257awed.)N
3 f
12 s
2259 6048(4)N

5 p
%%Page: 5 5
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
755 771(First,)N
971(this)X
1131(argument)X
1496(only)X
1684(applies)X
1965(to)X
2065(vendors)X
2374(who)X
2556(have)X
2753(chosen)X
3028(to)X
3128(support)X
3423(the)X
3562(level)X
3765(3)X
3840(stan-)X
555 870(dard.)N
779(It)X
857(clearly)X
1121(does)X
1306(not)X
1443(apply)X
1663(to)X
1756(Sybase,)X
2051(and)X
2202(any)X
2353(other)X
2558(vendor)X
2826(who)X
3001(has)X
3142(chosen)X
3409(to)X
3501(implement)X
3903(the)X
555 969(standard)N
875(only)X
1054(at)X
1140(level)X
1334(2.)X
755 1101(Second,)N
1064(and)X
1219(perhaps)X
1520(of)X
1621(supreme)X
1947(importance,)X
2394(programmers)X
2891(are)X
3025(not)X
3165(going)X
3393(to)X
3489(use)X
3633(the)X
3768(level)X
3967(3)X
555 1200(interface.)N
939(Most)X
1152(DBMS)X
1433(vendors)X
1743(offer)X
1945(so-called)X
2295(fourth)X
2542(generation)X
2946(languages)X
3330(\(4GLs\).)X
3658(Such)X
3865(pro-)X
555 1299(ducts)N
780(include)X
1079(Natural,)X
1404(Ramis,)X
1690(Adds-online,)X
2185(Ideal,)X
2421(INGRES/ABF,)X
2994(and)X
3159(SQL-forms.)X
3641(In)X
3752(general)X
555 1398(these)N
758(products)X
1083(allow)X
1301(a)X
1362(programmer)X
1819(to:)X
875 1530(de\256ne)N
1112(screens)X
875 1629(de\256ne)N
1112(operations)X
1501(to)X
1592(be)X
1697(executed)X
2032(as)X
2127(a)X
2188(result)X
2406(of)X
2501(user)X
2669(input)X
2873(into)X
3033(screens)X
875 1728(interactively)N
1339(call)X
1489(subsystems)X
1912(such)X
2095(as)X
2190(the)X
2320(report)X
2552(writer)X
555 1860(Application)N
999(programmers)X
1495(familiar)X
1802(both)X
1986(with)X
2170(4GL)X
2358(products)X
2687(and)X
2840(with)X
3023(the)X
3157(level)X
3355(3)X
3425(style)X
3618(application)X
555 1959(programming)N
1061(interface)X
1395(report)X
1631(that)X
1790(there)X
1992(is)X
2077(a)X
2142(factor)X
2373(of)X
2472(3-10)X
2659(in)X
2754(leverage)X
3078(from)X
3274(using)X
3490(a)X
3554(4GL.)X
3762(Conse-)X
555 2058(quently,)N
870(a)X
937(client)X
1162(of)X
1263(DBMS)X
1540(technology)X
1959(is)X
2045(generally)X
2400(well)X
2579(advised)X
2875(to)X
2971(use)X
3115(a)X
3181(4GL)X
3369(wherever)X
3722(possible)X
555 2157(and)N
707(to)X
801(foresake)X
1123(the)X
1256(level)X
1453(3)X
1522(programming)X
2027(interface.)X
2403(This)X
2584(advice)X
2838(is)X
2921(nearly)X
3165(universally)X
3581(true)X
3742(in)X
3835(busi-)X
555 2256(ness)N
735(data)X
911(processing)X
1316(applications.)X
1816(In)X
1918(engineering)X
2363(applications,)X
2841(on)X
2958(the)X
3095(other)X
3304(hand,)X
3525(4GLs)X
3748(may)X
3928(be)X
555 2355(less)N
709(advantageous.)X
755 2487(In)N
867(summary,)X
1256(application)X
1688(programmers)X
2196(are)X
2342(going)X
2582(to)X
2690(use)X
2846(4GLs)X
3080(because)X
3397(of)X
3509(their)X
3709(software)X
555 2586(development)N
1035(leverage,)X
1379(and)X
1530(not)X
1667(the)X
1798(level)X
1993(3)X
2060(SQL)X
2249(interface.)X
2624(Moreover,)X
3015(every)X
3233(4GL)X
3417(is)X
3499(totally)X
3749(unique,)X
555 2685(and)N
710(there)X
914(is)X
1000(no)X
1115(standardization)X
1681(in)X
1777(sight.)X
2020(The)X
2184(only)X
2368(company)X
2718(who)X
2896(could)X
3119(drive)X
3327(a)X
3393(4GL)X
3581(standardiza-)X
555 2784(tion)N
719(activity)X
1011(would)X
1257(be)X
1366(IBM.)X
1602(However,)X
1971(most)X
2169(data)X
2342(base)X
2524(professionals)X
3014(do)X
3127(not)X
3265(believe)X
3545(that)X
3703(IBM)X
3894(has)X
555 2883(a)N
628(4GL)X
823(\(not)X
998(withstanding)X
1487(IBMs)X
1720(marketing)X
2111(of)X
2217(CSP)X
2407(as)X
2513(a)X
2585(4GL\).)X
2852(Consequently,)X
3392(it)X
3475(will)X
3646(be)X
3762(several)X
555 2982(years)N
762(before)X
1008(there)X
1206(is)X
1287(any)X
1436(possible)X
1747(standardization)X
2308(in)X
2399(this)X
2549(area.)X
755 3114(On)N
889(the)X
1024(other)X
1232(hand,)X
1452(suppose)X
1762(a)X
1828(user)X
2001(decides)X
3 f
2292(not)X
1 f
2440(to)X
2535(use)X
2678(a)X
2743(4GL)X
2930(because)X
3234(he)X
3343(is)X
3428(concerned)X
3815(about)X
555 3213(portability)N
958(or)X
1064(alleged)X
1352(poor)X
1546(performance)X
2023(in)X
2125(older)X
2339(products.)X
2719(His)X
2874(applications)X
3 f
3334(still)X
1 f
3505(require)X
3787(screen)X
555 3312(de\256nition)N
921(facilities,)X
1275(report)X
1512(speci\256cations,)X
2041(and)X
2195(graph)X
2422(speci\256cations.)X
2973(These)X
3210(facilities)X
3542(are)X
3676(unique)X
3942(to)X
555 3411(each)N
751(vendor)X
1030(and)X
1192(not)X
1340(addressed)X
1720(in)X
1823(any)X
1984(way)X
2164(in)X
2267(the)X
2409(SQL)X
2609(standard.)X
2985(To)X
3117(move)X
3347(from)X
3552(one)X
3713(standard)X
555 3510(DBMS)N
828(to)X
921(another,)X
1231(one)X
1382(must)X
1578(relearn)X
1846(the)X
1978(facilities)X
2307(in)X
2400(each)X
2585(of)X
2682(these)X
2887(areas.)X
3135(As)X
3255(a)X
3317(result,)X
3558(only)X
3738(perhaps)X
555 3609(10-20)N
786(percent)X
1071(of)X
1170(the)X
1304(total)X
1488(speci\256cation)X
1960(system)X
2230(is)X
2314(covered)X
2617(by)X
2730(ANSI)X
2959(SQL,)X
3172(and)X
3324(the)X
3457(remainder)X
3839(must)X
555 3708(be)N
665(relearned)X
1019(for)X
1148(each)X
1335(system.)X
1650(To)X
1774(avoid)X
1996(this)X
2150(retraining,)X
2541(a)X
2606(user)X
2778(must)X
2976(either)X
3203(write)X
3410(and)X
3563(port)X
3731(his)X
3860(own)X
555 3807(facilities)N
895(in)X
999(these)X
1215(areas,)X
1451(an)X
1568(obviously)X
1950(distasteful)X
2347(strategy,)X
2682(or)X
2789(he)X
2906(must)X
3112(depend)X
3400(on)X
3522(some)X
3742(speci\256c)X
555 3906(vendor)N
833(to)X
936(provide)X
1238(a)X
1310(standard)X
1641(collection)X
2023(of)X
2129(facilities)X
2467(on)X
2588(all)X
2710(platforms)X
3081(important)X
3458(to)X
3560(him.)X
3753(SQL)X
3952(is)X
555 4005(clearly)N
817(of)X
912(no)X
1022(assistance)X
1396(in)X
1487(this)X
1637(dimension.)X
3 f
12 s
555 4200(3.2.5.)N
819(4GL)X
1030(Vendors)X
1 f
11 s
755 4332(One)N
935(could)X
1165(argue)X
1394(that)X
1561(vendors)X
1873(of)X
1980(4GL)X
2175(products)X
2512(will)X
2684(bene\256t)X
2957(from)X
3161(standardization)X
3733(because)X
555 4431(they)N
753(will)X
937(be)X
1065(able)X
1257(to)X
1371(easily)X
1622(move)X
1863(their)X
2070(products)X
2418(onto)X
2620(a)X
2704(variety)X
2994(of)X
3112(different)X
3460(data)X
3652(managers.)X
555 4530(Although)N
910(this)X
1060(argument)X
1415(has)X
1554(merits,)X
1819(it)X
1891(is)X
1972(also)X
2136(somewhat)X
2515(\257awed.)X
755 4662(First,)N
965(as)X
1063(noted)X
1284(before)X
1533(there)X
1734(is)X
1818(no)X
1931(standard)X
2254(for)X
2381(information)X
2823(in)X
2917(the)X
3050(system)X
3320(catalogs.)X
3678(All)X
3816(4GLs)X
555 4761(must)N
761(read)X
946(and)X
1107(write)X
1322(information)X
1773(in)X
1876(the)X
2018(dictionary,)X
2432(and)X
2593(this)X
2755(will)X
2926(be)X
3042(code)X
3241(unique)X
3514(to)X
3616(each)X
3810(target)X
555 4860(DBMS.)N
851(Second,)X
1157(I)X
1211(have)X
1402(asked)X
1627(a)X
1691(variety)X
1961(of)X
2059(4GL)X
2245(users)X
2450(which)X
2690(target)X
2916(DBMSs)X
3224(are)X
3356(of)X
3453(greatest)X
3751(interest)X
555 4959(to)N
646(them.)X
889(They)X
1092(typically)X
1424(respond)X
1724(with)X
1903(the)X
2033(following)X
2398(three)X
2596(priority)X
2883(requests:)X
875 5091(1\))N
970(IMS)X
875 5190(2\))N
970(DB)X
1114(2)X
875 5289(3\))N
970(some)X
1178(``home-brew'')X
1716(data)X
1885(manager)X
555 5421(To)N
682(satisfy)X
941(these)X
1151(requests,)X
1490(a)X
1557(4GL)X
1746(vendor)X
2018(must)X
2218(develop)X
2525(complete)X
2877(custom)X
3160(interfaces)X
3530(for)X
3660(systems)X
3967(1)X
555 5520(and)N
709(3.)X
824(Only)X
1027(the)X
1161(interface)X
1495(for)X
1623(system)X
1894(2)X
1964(would)X
2210(be)X
2319(assisted)X
2619(by)X
2733(standardization.)X
3320(Third,)X
3564(most)X
3762(DBMS)X
555 5619(vendors)N
858(have)X
1049(\(or)X
1176(are)X
1308(developing\))X
1754(capabilities)X
2182(which)X
2422(superset)X
2735(the)X
2867(ANSI)X
3095(standard.)X
3461(The)X
3622(reasons)X
3909(for)X
555 5718(this)N
707(are)X
838(discussed)X
1199(at)X
1287(length)X
1532(in)X
1625(the)X
1757(next)X
1933(section.)X
2251(A)X
2338(4GL)X
2523(vendor)X
2791(who)X
2966(wishes)X
3229(to)X
3321(interface)X
3652(to)X
3744(such)X
3928(an)X
3 f
12 s
2259 6048(5)N

6 p
%%Page: 6 6
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(extended)N
903(DBMS)X
1182(has)X
1329(two)X
1491(choices.)X
1828(First,)X
2041(he)X
2153(can)X
2304(restrain)X
2597(his)X
2729(use)X
2875(to)X
2973(the)X
3110(subset)X
3359(which)X
3603(is)X
3691(standard.)X
555 870(Consequently,)N
1086(there)X
1286(will)X
1448(be)X
1555(underlying)X
1961(DBMS)X
2234(capabilities)X
2661(which)X
2900(he)X
3006(does)X
3190(not)X
3326(exploit,)X
3617(and)X
3767(he)X
3873(will)X
555 969(be)N
662(at)X
750(a)X
813(relative)X
1102(disadvantage)X
1586(compared)X
1957(to)X
2050(4GLs)X
2269(\(such)X
2483(as)X
2580(the)X
2712(one)X
2863(from)X
3058(the)X
3190(DBMS)X
3462(vendor)X
3729(in)X
3821(ques-)X
555 1068(tion\))N
748(which)X
989(take)X
1162(full)X
1311(advantage)X
1694(of)X
1793(underlying)X
2201(facilities.)X
2576(The)X
2739(second)X
3009(choice)X
3265(is)X
3349(to)X
3443(do)X
3556(non)X
3713(standard)X
555 1167(extensions)N
955(for)X
1085(each)X
1274(target)X
1503(DBMS.)X
1824(Both)X
2024(choices)X
2316(are)X
2451(unattractive.)X
2940(Lastly,)X
3211(any)X
3366(4GL)X
3555(that)X
3715(is)X
3801(mark-)X
555 1266(eted)N
733(by)X
852(a)X
922(hardware)X
1279(vendor)X
1554(is)X
1644(unlikely)X
1965(to)X
2065(take)X
2243(advantage)X
2631(of)X
2735(any)X
2892(opportunity)X
3334(for)X
3466(portability)X
3865(pro-)X
555 1365(vided)N
775(by)X
887(SQL)X
1077(because)X
1379(such)X
1564(a)X
1627(vendor)X
1894(will)X
2055(likely)X
2280(resist)X
2489(providing)X
2855(a)X
2917(migration)X
3284(path)X
3459(for)X
3584(applications)X
555 1464(off)N
679(of)X
774(his)X
899(particular)X
1259(hardware.)X
755 1596(Hence,)N
1032(standardization)X
1602(on)X
1721(SQL)X
1918(clearly)X
2189(helps)X
2406(a)X
2476(4GL)X
2668(vendor)X
2942(who)X
3123(wishes)X
3392(to)X
3491(make)X
3712(his)X
3845(code)X
555 1695(portable.)N
912(However,)X
1279(not)X
1416(all)X
1529(of)X
1626(them)X
1827(will)X
1989(wish)X
2179(to,)X
2294(and)X
2445(there)X
2645(is)X
2728(substantial)X
3130(effort)X
3348(in)X
3440(the)X
3571(areas)X
3774(of)X
3870(sys-)X
555 1794(tem)N
717(catalogs,)X
1057(non-standard)X
1545(extensions)X
1946(and)X
2102(coupling)X
2440(to)X
2538(non)X
2699(SQL)X
2894(data)X
3070(bases)X
3289(which)X
3533(is)X
3621(required)X
3942(to)X
555 1893(make)N
768(this)X
918(portability)X
1309(occur.)X
3 f
12 s
555 2088(3.2.6.)N
819(Vendors)X
1189(of)X
1293(Heterogeneous)X
1926(Distributed)X
2419(DBMSs)X
1 f
11 s
755 2220(One)N
932(could)X
1159(argue)X
1385(that)X
1549(distributed)X
1958(data)X
2136(base)X
2323(systems)X
2633(should)X
2899(have)X
3096(so-called)X
3444(``open)X
3703(architec-)X
555 2319(tures'')N
814(and)X
971(be)X
1083(able)X
1259(to)X
1357(manage)X
1660(data)X
1836(that)X
1998(is)X
2086(stored)X
2330(in)X
2428(local)X
2629(data)X
2805(managers)X
3171(written)X
3450(by)X
3567(various)X
3855(ven-)X
555 2418(dors.)N
789(Hence,)X
1074(vendors)X
1391(of)X
1503(open)X
1713(architecture)X
2168(products)X
2510(might)X
2756(bene\256t)X
3035(from)X
3245(SQL)X
3450(standardization,)X
555 2517(since)N
758(foreign)X
1034(local)X
1228(data)X
1397(managers)X
1756(will)X
1916(be)X
2021(easier)X
2248(to)X
2339(interface)X
2669(to.)X
755 2649(Basically,)N
1135(a)X
1202(distributed)X
1608(DBMS)X
1885(vendor)X
2157(sees)X
2331(the)X
2467(world)X
2700(in)X
2797(exactly)X
3080(the)X
3216(same)X
3425(way)X
3599(as)X
3700(a)X
3767(vendor)X
555 2748(of)N
650(a)X
711(4GL.)X
938(Hence,)X
1206(the)X
1336(above)X
1568(section)X
1840(applies)X
2112(exactly)X
2389(to)X
2480(this)X
2630(class)X
2823(of)X
2918(user.)X
3 f
12 s
555 2943(3.2.7.)N
819(Summary)X
1 f
11 s
755 3075(We)N
906(can)X
1057(summarize)X
1473(the)X
1610(possible)X
1928(groups)X
2195(who)X
2374(might)X
2609(bene\256t)X
2877(from)X
3076(standardization)X
3643(of)X
3744(SQL)X
3938(as)X
555 3174(follows:)N
875 3306(DBAs)N
1451(This)X
1630(group)X
1857(will)X
2017(bene\256t)X
2279(from)X
2472(the)X
2602(fact)X
2756(that)X
2911(all)X
3022(relational)X
1451 3405(systems)N
1752(use)X
1891(essentially)X
2286(the)X
2416(same)X
2619(data)X
2788(de\256nition)X
3149(language)X
1451 3504(de\256nition)N
1812(language,)X
2174(regardless)X
2552(of)X
2647(the)X
2777(query)X
1451 3603(language)N
1791(supported.)X
875 3801(end)N
1024(users)X
1451(This)X
1630(group)X
1857(will)X
2017(not)X
2152(use)X
2291(SQL)X
2479(and)X
2628(will)X
2788(be)X
2893(unaffected)X
3286(by)X
1451 3900(standardization.)N
875 4098(programmers)N
1451(This)X
1630(group)X
1857(will)X
2017(primarily)X
2368(use)X
2507(4GLs)X
2724(and)X
2873(consequently)X
3360(will)X
3520(be)X
1451 4197(unaffected)N
1844(by)X
1954(standardization.)X
875 4395(4GL)N
1058(vendors)X
1451(This)X
1630(group)X
1857(may)X
2031(bene\256t)X
2293(from)X
2486(standardization)X
3047(if)X
3123(they)X
3297(choose)X
3563(to)X
1451 4494(try)N
1571(to)X
1662(interface)X
1992(to)X
2083(a)X
2144(variety)X
2411(of)X
2506(data)X
2675(managers.)X
3056(However,)X
3421(they)X
1451 4593(still)N
1607(have)X
1795(a)X
1856(lot)X
1972(of)X
2067(work)X
2269(to)X
2360(do,)X
2492(and)X
2641(some)X
2849(of)X
2944(them)X
3143(will)X
3303(resist)X
1451 4692(exploiting)N
1832(this)X
1982(portability.)X
875 4890(Distributed)N
1451(They)X
1654(are)X
1783(in)X
1874(the)X
2004(same)X
2207(position)X
2514(as)X
2609(4GL)X
2792(vendors.)X
875 4989(DBMS)N
1146(vendors)X
755 5154(One)N
927(draws)X
1162(the)X
1296(unmistakable)X
1793(conclusion)X
2201(that)X
2360(the)X
2494(large)X
2696(amount)X
2986(of)X
3084(effort)X
3304(that)X
3462(is)X
3546(being)X
3767(poured)X
555 5253(into)N
726(SQL)X
925(standardization)X
1497(may)X
3 f
1682(not)X
1 f
1837(pay)X
1997(handsome)X
2387(dividends.)X
2785(A)X
2881(user)X
3060(of)X
3166(DBMS)X
3448(technology)X
3873(will)X
555 5352(only)N
738(bene\256t)X
1004(if)X
1084(he)X
1193(chooses)X
1497(4GL)X
1684(and)X
1837(distributed)X
2241(DBMS)X
2515(products)X
2843(from)X
3039(vendors)X
3342(committed)X
3746(to)X
3840(open)X
555 5451(architectures.)N
1075(He)X
1203(will)X
1367(then)X
1545(bene\256t)X
1811(indirectly)X
2176(from)X
2373(the)X
2507(efforts)X
2761(of)X
2859(these)X
3065(vendors)X
3368(to)X
3462(make)X
3678(their)X
3865(pro-)X
555 5550(ducts)N
763(run)X
902(on)X
1012(a)X
1073(variety)X
1340(of)X
1435(SQL)X
1623(engines.)X
755 5682(However,)N
1122(the)X
1254(situation)X
1583(is)X
1665(much)X
1884(worse)X
2116(than)X
2291(has)X
2431(been)X
2620(portrayed)X
2980(so)X
3081(far)X
3201(because)X
3502(standard)X
3823(SQL,)X
555 5781(as)N
654(currently)X
998(de\256ned,)X
1305(stands)X
3 f
1551(no)X
1670(chance)X
1 f
1955(of)X
2054(lasting)X
2316(more)X
2523(than)X
2701(a)X
2766(few)X
2923(years.)X
3178(The)X
3340(next)X
3517(section)X
3792(shows)X
3 f
12 s
2259 6048(6)N

7 p
%%Page: 7 7
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(why)N
728(SQL)X
916(will)X
1076(not)X
1211(``stick''.)X
3 f
12 s
555 966(4.)N
675(WHY)X
939(STANDARD)X
1494(SQL)X
1710(IS)X
1824(DOOMED)X
1 f
3 f
555 1161(4.1.)N
747(Introduction)X
1 f
11 s
755 1293(All)N
892(relational)X
1250(DBMSs)X
1557(were)X
1750(designed)X
2086(to)X
2178(solve)X
2387(the)X
2518(needs)X
2741(of)X
2837(business)X
3158(data)X
3328(processing)X
3727(applica-)X
555 1392(tions.)N
794(Speci\256cally,)X
1255(they)X
1429(were)X
1621(designed)X
1956(to)X
2047(rectify)X
2299(the)X
2429(disadvantages)X
2945(of)X
3040(earlier)X
3287(hierarchical)X
3725(and)X
3874(net-)X
555 1491(work)N
765(data)X
942(base)X
1128(systems.)X
1481(Most)X
1692(DBMS)X
1971(professionals)X
2465(agree)X
2685(that)X
2848(they)X
3030(have)X
3226(succeeded)X
3617(at)X
3711(this)X
3869(task)X
555 1590(admirably.)N
984(However,)X
1354(equally)X
1641(well)X
1820(understood)X
2238(are)X
2372(the)X
2507(needs)X
2733(of)X
2832(other)X
3039(users)X
3245(of)X
3344(DBMS)X
3619(technology)X
555 1689(in)N
648(the)X
780(areas)X
984(of)X
1081(spatial)X
1336(data,)X
1529(CAD)X
1738(data,)X
1931(documents,)X
2359(etc.)X
2530(There)X
2759(is)X
2842(a)X
2905(renaissance)X
3334(of)X
3430(research)X
3745(activity)X
555 1788(building)N
884(``next)X
1128(generation)X
1534(prototypes'')X
1998(which)X
2247(attempt)X
2547(to)X
2650(rectify)X
2913(the)X
3054(drawbacks)X
3462(of)X
3568(current)X
3850(rela-)X
555 1887(tional)N
779(systems.)X
1102(Consequently,)X
1631(one)X
1780(could)X
1998(say)X
2137(that)X
2292(there)X
2490(are)X
2619(three)X
2817(generations)X
3245(of)X
3340(systems:)X
875 2019(generation)N
1269(1:)X
1382(Hierarchical)X
1839(and)X
1988(Network)X
2317(Systems)X
875 2118(generation)N
1269(2:)X
1382(Relational)X
1768(Systems)X
875 2217(generation)N
1269(3:)X
1382(Post-relational)X
1919(Systems)X
755 2382(The)N
914(following)X
1279(research)X
1593(prototypes)X
1987(are)X
2116(all)X
2227(examples)X
2582(of)X
2677(prototype)X
3037(post-relational)X
3569(systems:)X
875 2514(EXODUS)N
1252([CARE86])X
875 2613(GEM)N
1114([TSUR84])X
875 2712(IRIS)N
1063([FISH87])X
875 2811(NF2)N
1053([DADA86])X
875 2910(ORION)N
1174([BANE87])X
875 3009(POSTGRES)N
1337([STON86a])X
875 3108(STARBURST)N
1406([LIND87])X
555 3240(Although)N
910(they)X
1084(are)X
1213(exploiting)X
1594(various)X
1875(ideas,)X
2100(one)X
2249(can)X
2393(make)X
2606(the)X
2736(following)X
3101(observation:)X
907 3438(Essentially)N
1323(all)X
1440(ideas)X
1649(that)X
1810(are)X
1945(being)X
2169(exploited)X
2526(by)X
2642(the)X
2778(above)X
3015(prototype)X
3380(systems)X
907 3537(can)N
1052(be)X
1158(added)X
1391(to)X
1483(current)X
1755(commercial)X
2195(relational)X
2552(data)X
2722(base)X
2900(systems)X
3201(by)X
3311(extending)X
907 3636(or)N
1002(reworking)X
1385(their)X
1569(capabilities.)X
555 3834(Hence,)N
830(it)X
909(is)X
997(obvious)X
1305(that)X
1467(aggressive)X
1867(vendors)X
2174(will)X
2340(quickly)X
2633(extend)X
2896(their)X
3086(current)X
3363(SQL)X
3557(engines)X
3854(with)X
555 3933(relational)N
922(versions)X
1248(of)X
1354(the)X
1495(successful)X
1889(capabilities)X
2325(of)X
2431(these)X
2645(prototypes.)X
3094(In)X
3200(this)X
3361(way,)X
3562(vendors)X
3873(will)X
555 4032(create)N
798(systems)X
1110(that)X
1276(are)X
1416(substantial)X
1827(supersets)X
2182(of)X
2288(SQL.)X
2531(Since)X
2760(each)X
2953(vendor)X
3229(will)X
3399(do)X
3519(unique)X
3791(exten-)X
555 4131(sions,)N
784(they)X
962(will)X
1126(all)X
1241(be)X
1349(incompatible.)X
1880(Moreover,)X
2273(IBM)X
2464(will)X
2627(be)X
2735(the)X
2868(slowest)X
3157(to)X
3251(provide)X
3545(extensions)X
3942(to)X
555 4230(DB)N
699(2.)X
755 4362(These)N
988(extensions)X
1383(will)X
1544(solve)X
1752(problems)X
2102(that)X
2257(are)X
2386(so)X
2486(important)X
2852(to)X
2943(large)X
3141(classes)X
3407(of)X
3502(users)X
3704(that)X
3859(they)X
555 4461(will)N
720(gladly)X
968(use)X
1112(the)X
1247(extended)X
1592(capabilities.)X
2066(In)X
2166(this)X
2321(way,)X
2516(any)X
2670(application)X
3090(that)X
3249(a)X
3314(user)X
3486(writes)X
3727(for)X
3855(ven-)X
555 4560(dor)N
708(A's)X
870(system)X
1151(will)X
1325(not)X
1474(run)X
1627(without)X
1933(substantial)X
2347(maintenance)X
2829(on)X
2953(vendor)X
3233(B's)X
3391(system)X
3672(and)X
3835(vica-)X
555 4659(versa.)N
806(This)X
985(will)X
1145(ensure)X
1396(that)X
1551(application)X
1966(portability)X
2357(will)X
2517(not)X
2652(be)X
2757(achieved)X
3092(through)X
3388(SQL.)X
755 4791(The)N
921(rest)X
1077(of)X
1179(this)X
1336(section)X
1615(indicates)X
1958(two)X
2119(areas)X
2327(in)X
2424(which)X
2667(seductive)X
3028(next)X
3208(generation)X
3608(capabilities)X
555 4890(are)N
684(expected.)X
3 f
12 s
555 5085(4.2.)N
747(Management)X
1310(of)X
1414(Knowledge)X
1897(Bases)X
1 f
11 s
755 5217(I)N
812(wish)X
1006(to)X
1103(discuss)X
1385(knowledge)X
1799(bases)X
2017(\256rst)X
2182(with)X
2367(regard)X
2619(to)X
2716(expert)X
2964(systems)X
3270(and)X
3424(then)X
3603(with)X
3787(regard)X
555 5316(to)N
652(conventional)X
1136(business)X
1462(data)X
1637(processing.)X
2084(I)X
2140(conclude)X
2485(this)X
2640(subsection)X
3039(with)X
3223(a)X
3289(discussion)X
3683(of)X
3783(why)X
3961(it)X
555 5415(is)N
636(essential)X
962(that)X
1117(knowledge)X
1525(management)X
1998(become)X
2294(a)X
2355(data)X
2524(base)X
2702(service.)X
755 5547(Expert)N
1022(systems)X
1333(typically)X
1675(use)X
3 f
1824(rules)X
1 f
2042(to)X
2143(embody)X
2459(the)X
2599(knowledge)X
3016(of)X
3120(an)X
3234(expert,)X
3507(and)X
3665(I)X
3725(will)X
3894(use)X
555 5646(interchangeably)N
1142(the)X
1274(concept)X
1572(of)X
1668(a)X
1730(knowledge)X
2139(base)X
2318(and)X
2468(a)X
2530(rule)X
2690(base.)X
2913(One)X
3082(important)X
3449(application)X
3865(area)X
555 5745(of)N
664(expert)X
920(systems)X
1234(is)X
1328(in)X
1432(surveillance)X
1893(systems.)X
2251(The)X
2423(object)X
2674(to)X
2778(be)X
2896(monitored)X
3294(could)X
3525(be)X
3643(a)X
3717(physical)X
3 f
12 s
2259 6048(7)N

8 p
%%Page: 8 8
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(object,)N
821(such)X
1010(as)X
1111(manufacturing)X
1653(line,)X
1835(an)X
1945(oil)X
2066(re\256nery,)X
2388(or)X
2488(a)X
2554(stock)X
2767(market.)X
3061(It)X
3142(might)X
3376(also)X
3545(be)X
3655(an)X
3765(area)X
3938(of)X
555 870(real)N
720(estate,)X
976(such)X
1170(as)X
1276(a)X
1347(battle\256eld.)X
1777(In)X
1882(either)X
2115(case,)X
2320(an)X
2435(expert)X
2687(system)X
2964(is)X
3055(desired)X
3341(which)X
3588(watches)X
3903(the)X
555 969(state)N
741(of)X
838(the)X
970(object)X
1210(and)X
1360(alerts)X
1574(a)X
1636(human)X
1899(if)X
1976(``abnormal'')X
2448(events)X
2696(occur.)X
2936(Such)X
3135(surveillance)X
3584(applications)X
555 1068(fundamentally)N
1099(involve)X
1398(the)X
1540(data)X
1721(base)X
1911(for)X
2047(the)X
2189(monitored)X
2586(object.)X
2879(Moreover,)X
3280(abnormal)X
3646(events)X
3904(are)X
555 1167(typically)N
901(de\256ned)X
1196(by)X
1320(a)X
1395(rule)X
1568(base,)X
1782(developed)X
2179(by)X
2302(consultation)X
2769(with)X
2961(human)X
3236(experts.)X
3569(Hence,)X
3850(such)X
555 1266(applications)N
1006(require)X
1279(a)X
1342(large)X
1542(data)X
1713(base)X
1893(\(the)X
2054(monitored)X
2441(object\))X
2710(and)X
2861(a)X
2924(large)X
3123(set)X
3244(of)X
3340(rules)X
3534(\(the)X
3694(events)X
3942(to)X
555 1365(watch)N
787(for\).)X
755 1497(In)N
854(conventional)X
1336(business)X
1660(data)X
1833(processing)X
2234(applications)X
2686(there)X
2887(is)X
2971(also)X
3138(substantial)X
3541(use)X
3683(for)X
3810(a)X
3874(rule)X
555 1596(base.)N
784(For)X
935(example,)X
1285(consider)X
1612(the)X
1749(processing)X
2154(of)X
2256(purchase)X
2597(orders.)X
2889(The)X
3054(following)X
3425(rules)X
3624(might)X
3859(well)X
555 1695(apply)N
773(in)X
864(a)X
925(typical)X
1188(company:)X
875 1827(All)N
1010(POs)X
1178(over)X
1356($100)X
1554(must)X
1748(be)X
1853(signed)X
2105(by)X
2215(a)X
2276(manager)X
875 1926(All)N
1010(POs)X
1178(over)X
1356($1000)X
1598(must)X
1792(be)X
1897(signed)X
2149(by)X
2259(the)X
2389(president)X
875 2025(All)N
1010(POs)X
1178(for)X
1302(computer)X
1657(equipment)X
2052(must)X
2246(be)X
2351(signed)X
2603(by)X
2713(the)X
2843(MIS)X
3021(director)X
875 2124(All)N
1010(POs)X
1178(for)X
1302(consultants)X
1721(must)X
1915(have)X
2103(an)X
2208(analysis)X
2514(of)X
2609(need)X
2797(attached)X
555 2256(Similar)N
854(rule)X
1029(systems)X
1346(control)X
1634(allocation)X
2021(of)X
2132(of\256ce)X
2370(furniture)X
2716(\(e.g,)X
2910(only)X
3105(vice)X
3290(presidents)X
3685(can)X
3845(have)X
555 2355(wood)N
774(desks\),)X
1044(commission)X
1495(plans)X
1705(for)X
1831(salespersons)X
2294(\(e.g,)X
2474(commission)X
2925(is)X
3008(paid)X
3183(only)X
3363(on)X
3474(non)X
3629(discounted)X
555 2454(POs\),)N
774(vacation)X
1095(accrual,)X
1393(etc.)X
755 2586(The)N
916(possible)X
1229(techniques)X
1630(available)X
1973(to)X
2066(support)X
2354(such)X
2539(composite)X
2925(rule)X
3085(and)X
3235(data)X
3405(base)X
3584(applications)X
555 2685(are:)N
875 2817(1\))N
970(Put)X
1110(the)X
1240(rules)X
1433(in)X
1524(an)X
1629(application)X
2044(program)X
2364(and)X
2513(the)X
2643(data)X
2812(in)X
2903(a)X
2964(data)X
3133(base.)X
875 2916(2\))N
970(Put)X
1110(the)X
1240(rules)X
1433(and)X
1582(the)X
1712(data)X
1881(in)X
1972(an)X
2077(expert)X
2319(system)X
2586(shell.)X
875 3015(3\))N
970(Put)X
1110(the)X
1240(rules)X
1433(in)X
1524(an)X
1629(expert)X
1871(system)X
2138(shell)X
2327(and)X
2476(the)X
2606(data)X
2775(in)X
2866(a)X
2927(data)X
3096(base.)X
875 3114(4\))N
970(Put)X
1110(both)X
1289(the)X
1419(rules)X
1612(and)X
1761(the)X
1891(data)X
2060(in)X
2151(a)X
2212(composite)X
2597(data/rule)X
2928(base.)X
555 3246(I)N
610(now)X
787(argue)X
1008(that)X
1167(only)X
1350(option)X
1602(4)X
1672(makes)X
1923(any)X
2076(long)X
2259(term)X
2446(technical)X
2790(sense.)X
3049(Option)X
3319(1)X
3388(is)X
3472(widely)X
3737(used)X
3923(by)X
555 3345(business)N
892(data)X
1078(processing)X
1493(applications)X
1959(to)X
2067(implement)X
2485(rules)X
2694(systems)X
3011(such)X
3210(as)X
3321(our)X
3476(purchase)X
3826(order)X
555 3444(example.)N
930(The)X
1099(disadvantage)X
1591(of)X
1696(this)X
1856(approach)X
2210(is)X
2301(that)X
2466(the)X
2606(rules)X
2808(are)X
2946(buried)X
3202(in)X
3302(the)X
3441(application)X
3865(pro-)X
555 3543(gram)N
761(and)X
913(are)X
1045(thereby)X
1334(dif\256cult)X
1639(to)X
1733(understand)X
2144(and)X
2296(tedious)X
2576(to)X
2670(change)X
2943(as)X
3040(business)X
3362(conditions)X
3754(evolve.)X
555 3642(Moreover,)N
950(if)X
1031(a)X
1097(new)X
1269(program)X
1593(is)X
1678(written)X
1954(to)X
2049(interact)X
2340(with)X
2523(the)X
2657(data)X
2830(base,)X
3034(it)X
3110(must)X
3308(be)X
3417(coded)X
3653(to)X
3748(enforce)X
555 3741(the)N
686(rules)X
880(in)X
972(a)X
1034(fashion)X
1316(consistent)X
1692(with)X
1872(the)X
2003(previously)X
2398(written)X
2670(application)X
3085(programs.)X
3483(The)X
3642(possibility)X
555 3840(for)N
682(error)X
877(is)X
961(consequently)X
1451(high.)X
1677(In)X
1774(summary,)X
2148(when)X
2362(rules)X
2557(are)X
2688(embedded)X
3074(in)X
3167(an)X
3274(application)X
3691(program,)X
555 3939(they)N
729(are)X
858(hard)X
1036(to)X
1127(code,)X
1337(hard)X
1515(to)X
1606(change,)X
1899(and)X
2048(hard)X
2226(to)X
2317(enforce)X
2602(in)X
2693(a)X
2754(consistent)X
3129(fashion.)X
755 4071(The)N
916(second)X
1184(alternative)X
1581(is)X
1664(to)X
1757(put)X
1894(both)X
2075(the)X
2207(data)X
2378(and)X
2529(the)X
2661(rules)X
2856(in)X
2948(an)X
3054(expert)X
3297(system)X
3565(environment)X
555 4170(such)N
743(as)X
843(Prolog,)X
1127(OPS5,)X
1381(KEE,)X
1601(ART,)X
1826(or)X
1926(S1.)X
2090(The)X
2254(problem)X
2574(with)X
2757(this)X
2911(approach)X
3259(is)X
3344(that)X
3503(these)X
3710(systems,)X
555 4269(without)N
851(exception,)X
1242(assume)X
1527(that)X
1686(facts)X
1878(available)X
2223(to)X
2318(their)X
2506(rule)X
2669(engines)X
2963(are)X
3095(resident)X
3399(in)X
3493(main)X
3695(memory.)X
555 4368(It)N
634(is)X
718(simply)X
983(not)X
1120(practical)X
1448(to)X
1541(put)X
1678(a)X
1741(large)X
1941(data)X
2112(base)X
2292(into)X
2454(virtual)X
2709(memory.)X
3071(Even)X
3276(if)X
3354(this)X
3506(were)X
3700(possible,)X
555 4467(such)N
742(a)X
807(data)X
980(base)X
1162(would)X
1408(have)X
1600(no)X
1713(transaction)X
2125(support)X
2414(and)X
2566(would)X
2811(not)X
2949(be)X
3057(sharable)X
3375(by)X
3488(multiple)X
3809(users.)X
555 4566(In)N
661(short,)X
892(current)X
1174(expert)X
1427(system)X
1705(shells)X
1939(do)X
2060(not)X
2206(include)X
2499(data)X
2679(base)X
2868(support,)X
3186(and)X
3345(option)X
3603(2)X
3679(is)X
3770(simply)X
555 4665(infeasible.)N
755 4797(Option)N
1025(3)X
1094(is)X
1178(advocated)X
1560(by)X
1673(the)X
1806(vendors)X
2109(of)X
2207(expert)X
2452(system)X
2722(shells)X
2948(and)X
3100(is)X
3184(termed)X
3 f
3454(loose)X
3665(coupling.)X
1 f
555 4896(In)N
663(this)X
826(approach)X
1183(rules)X
1389(are)X
1531(stored)X
1781(in)X
1885(main)X
2097(memory)X
2425(in)X
2528(the)X
2670(shell)X
2871(environment)X
3351(which)X
3600(contains)X
3928(an)X
555 4995(inference)N
905(engine.)X
1207(Whenever)X
1590(necessary,)X
1975(this)X
2125(program)X
2445(will)X
2605(run)X
2744(queries)X
3020(against)X
3292(a)X
3353(data)X
3522(base)X
3700(to)X
3791(gather)X
555 5094(any)N
713(needed)X
993(extra)X
1200(information.)X
1692(Hence,)X
1969(rules)X
2171(are)X
2308(stored)X
2553(in)X
2652(a)X
2721(rule)X
2888(manager)X
3221(and)X
3378(data)X
3555(in)X
3654(a)X
3723(separate)X
555 5193(data)N
739(manager.)X
1123(A)X
1223(layer)X
1436(of)X
1546(``glue'')X
1851(is)X
1947(then)X
2136(used)X
2334(to)X
2440(couple)X
2712(these)X
2930(two)X
3098(subsystems)X
3535(together.)X
3904(An)X
555 5292(example)N
876(of)X
971(this)X
1121(architecture)X
1559(is)X
1640(KEE/Connection)X
2265(from)X
2458(Intellicorp.)X
755 5424(Unfortunately)N
1276(loose)X
1489(coupling)X
1825(will)X
1990(fail)X
2135(miserably)X
2510(on)X
2625(a)X
2691(wide)X
2889(variety)X
3161(of)X
3260(problems,)X
3636(and)X
3789(a)X
3854(sim-)X
555 5523(ple)N
692(example)X
1020(will)X
1187(illustrate)X
1526(the)X
1663(situation.)X
2040(Suppose)X
2366(one)X
2521(wanted)X
2803(to)X
2900(monitor)X
3208(a)X
3275(single)X
3514(data)X
3689(item)X
3875(in)X
3972(a)X
555 5622(data)N
724(base,)X
924(i.e,)X
1054(whenever)X
1417(the)X
1547(data)X
1716(item)X
1896(changes)X
2201(in)X
2292(the)X
2422(data)X
2591(base,)X
2791(it)X
2863(should)X
3120(change)X
3391(on)X
3501(the)X
3631(screen)X
3877(of)X
3972(a)X
555 5721(monitoring)N
990(human.)X
1316(Many)X
1563(investment)X
1993(banking)X
2319(and)X
2487(brokerage)X
2879(houses)X
3159(are)X
3307(building)X
3643(automated)X
3 f
12 s
2259 6048(8)N

9 p
%%Page: 9 9
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(trading)N
827(systems)X
1128(that)X
1283(are)X
1412(much)X
1630(more)X
1833(sophisticated)X
2316(versions)X
2631(of)X
2726(this)X
2876(simplistic)X
3243(example.)X
755 903(The)N
928(expert)X
1184(system)X
1465(can)X
1623(run)X
1776(a)X
1851(query)X
2087(to)X
2192(fetch)X
2404(the)X
2548(data)X
2731(item)X
2925(in)X
3030(question.)X
3409(However,)X
3788(it)X
3873(will)X
555 1002(become)N
858(quickly)X
1152(out)X
1294(of)X
1396(date)X
1572(and)X
1728(must)X
1929(be)X
2041(fetched)X
2329(anew.)X
2587(This)X
2773(repeated)X
3100(querying)X
3442(of)X
3544(the)X
3680(data)X
3855(base)X
555 1101(will)N
728(needlessly)X
1130(consume)X
1478(resources)X
1844(and)X
2006(will)X
2178(always)X
2456(result)X
2686(in)X
2789(the)X
2931(screen)X
3189(being)X
3419(some)X
3639(amount)X
3938(of)X
555 1200(time)N
738(out)X
876(of)X
974(date.)X
1190(Loose)X
1430(coupling)X
1764(will)X
1927(fail)X
2070(badly)X
2291(in)X
2385(environments)X
2890(where)X
3129(the)X
3262(expert)X
3507(system)X
3776(cannot)X
555 1299(fetch)N
760(a)X
828(small,)X
1071(static)X
1287(portion)X
1571(of)X
1673(the)X
1810(data)X
1985(base)X
2169(on)X
2285(which)X
2528(to)X
2625(operate.)X
2956(Most)X
3165(problems)X
3521(I)X
3578(can)X
3728(think)X
3938(of)X
555 1398(fail)N
695(this)X
845(``litmus)X
1147(test''.)X
755 1530(The)N
915(fourth)X
1153(alternative)X
1549(is)X
1631(to)X
1723(have)X
1912(a)X
1973(single)X
2206(data/rule)X
2537(system)X
2804(to)X
2895(manage)X
3191(both)X
3370(rules)X
3563(and)X
3712(data,)X
3903(i.e.)X
555 1629(to)N
647(implement)X
3 f
1049(tight)X
1248(coupling.)X
1 f
1639(Such)X
1838(a)X
1900(system)X
2168(must)X
2363(be)X
3 f
2469(active)X
1 f
2711(in)X
2802(that)X
2957(it)X
3029(must)X
3223(perform)X
3528(asynchronous)X
555 1728(operations)N
950(to)X
1047(enforce)X
1338(the)X
1473(rules.)X
1715(This)X
1899(is)X
1985(in)X
2081(contrast)X
2387(to)X
2483(current)X
2759(commercial)X
3203(DBMS)X
3479(which)X
3721(are)X
3 f
3855(pas-)X
555 1827(sive)N
1 f
719(in)X
810(that)X
965(they)X
1139(respond)X
1439(to)X
1530(user's)X
1761(requests)X
2071(but)X
2206(have)X
2394(no)X
2504(concept)X
2800(of)X
2895(independent)X
3348(action.)X
755 1959(An)N
884(active)X
1117(system)X
1384(can)X
1528(tag)X
1658(the)X
1788(data)X
1957(item)X
2137(being)X
2355(watched)X
2670(by)X
2780(our)X
2919(simplistic)X
3286(application)X
3701(and)X
3850(send)X
555 2058(a)N
624(message)X
952(to)X
1051(an)X
1164(application)X
1587(program)X
1915(whenever)X
2286(the)X
2424(data)X
2601(item)X
2789(changes.)X
3145(This)X
3331(will)X
3498(be)X
3610(an)X
3722(ef\256cient)X
555 2157(solution)N
870(to)X
969(our)X
1116(monitoring)X
1539(example.)X
1890(Such)X
2096(a)X
2165(data)X
2342(manager)X
2675(will)X
2843 0.2604(automatically)AX
3355(support)X
3649(sharing)X
3938(of)X
555 2256(rules,)N
770(the)X
900(ability)X
1149(to)X
1240(add)X
1389(and)X
1538(drop)X
1721(rules)X
1914(on)X
2024(the)X
2154(\257y,)X
2291(and)X
2440(the)X
2570(ability)X
2819(to)X
2910(query)X
3132(the)X
3262(rule)X
3421(set.)X
755 2388(Tight)N
984(coupling)X
1330(can)X
1489(be)X
1609(achieved)X
1959(in)X
2065(a)X
2141(variety)X
2423(of)X
2533(ways.)X
2793(Extensions)X
3216(to)X
3321(the)X
3465(view)X
3672(de\256nition)X
555 2487(facility)N
830(can)X
976(be)X
1083(utilized)X
1373(as)X
1470(well)X
1646(as)X
1743(extensions)X
2139(to)X
2232(the)X
2364(SQL)X
2554(language)X
2896(directly)X
3190([STON87].)X
3633(In)X
3729(the)X
3860(case)X
555 2586(that)N
745(the)X
910(resulting)X
1276(queries)X
1586(are)X
1749(recursive,)X
2149(processing)X
2581(algorithms)X
3015(have)X
3237(been)X
3459(investigated)X
3942(in)X
555 2685([ULLM85,)N
965(IOAN87,)X
1315(ROSE86,)X
1672(BANC86].)X
755 2817(Without)N
1069(a)X
1132(doubt)X
1357(many)X
1577(of)X
1673(these)X
1877(ideas)X
2081(will)X
2242(lead)X
2412(to)X
2504(commercial)X
2944 0.2333(implementations,)AX
3579(and)X
3729(I)X
3781(expect)X
555 2916(that)N
720(many)X
948(will)X
1118(be)X
1233(successful.)X
1670(The)X
1839(bottom)X
2122(line)X
2287(is)X
2378(that)X
2543(rules)X
2746(and)X
2905(inference)X
3264(will)X
3434(almost)X
3702(certainly)X
555 3015(move)N
774(into)X
934(data)X
1103(base)X
1281(systems)X
1582(over)X
1760(the)X
1890(next)X
2064(few)X
2217(years.)X
2468(It)X
2544(appears)X
2834(feasible)X
3130(to)X
3221(support)X
3507(this)X
3657(feature)X
3923(by)X
555 3114(supersetting)N
1003(the)X
1133(query)X
1355(language,)X
1717(and)X
1866(this)X
2016(will)X
2176(certainly)X
2507(be)X
2612(the)X
2742(method)X
3029(of)X
3124(choice)X
3376(for)X
3500(SQL)X
3688(vendors.)X
3 f
12 s
555 3309(4.3.)N
747(Object)X
1049(Management)X
1 f
11 s
755 3441(If)N
837(I)X
890(hear)X
1065(the)X
1196(phrase)X
1448(``everything)X
1906(is)X
1988(an)X
2094(object'')X
2391(once)X
2580(more,)X
2806(I)X
2858(think)X
3063(I)X
3115(will)X
3276(scream.)X
3592(Peter)X
3796(Bune-)X
555 3540(man)N
737(expressed)X
1113(this)X
1271(frustration)X
1668(most)X
1869(concisely)X
2231(in)X
2329([BUNE86]:)X
2768(``Object-oriented)X
3408(is)X
3496(a)X
3564(semantically)X
555 3639(overloaded)N
974(term''.)X
1266(Moreover,)X
1662(in)X
1759(a)X
1826(panel)X
2045(discussion)X
2440(on)X
2556(Object-Oriented)X
3155(Data)X
3348(Bases)X
3580(\(OODBs\))X
3947(at)X
555 3738(VLDB/87,)N
951(six)X
1076(panelists)X
1407(managed)X
1747(to)X
1838(disagree)X
2153(completely)X
2568(on)X
2678(exactly)X
2955(what)X
3148(an)X
3253(OODB)X
3523(might)X
3752(be.)X
755 3870(In)N
857(any)X
1013(case,)X
1215(there)X
1420(are)X
1556(a)X
1624(class)X
1824(of)X
1926(applications)X
2382(which)X
2626(must)X
2827(manage)X
3130(data)X
3306(that)X
3468(does)X
3658(not)X
3800(\256t)X
3903(the)X
555 3969(standard)N
891(business)X
1227(data)X
1412(processing)X
1826(world)X
2068(where)X
2319(objects)X
2606(are)X
2750(character)X
3109(strings,)X
3403(integers,)X
3741(\257oating)X
555 4068(point)N
770(numbers)X
1106(and)X
1266(maybe)X
1534(date,)X
1736(time,)X
1949(money)X
2222(and)X
2382(packed)X
2664(decimal.)X
3021(Non-business)X
3531(environments)X
555 4167(must)N
791(manage)X
1129(data)X
1340(consisting)X
1762(of)X
1899(documents,)X
2367(three)X
2607(dimensional)X
3102(spatial)X
3396(objects,)X
3731(bitmaps)X
555 4266(corresponding)N
1083(to)X
1177(pictures,)X
1503(icons)X
1714(for)X
1841(graphical)X
2194(objects,)X
2491(vectors)X
2769(of)X
2866(observations,)X
3357(arrays)X
3595(of)X
3692(scienti\256c)X
555 4365(data,)N
746(complex)X
1072(numbers,)X
1419(etc.)X
755 4497(In)N
860(general)X
1151(these)X
1364(applications)X
1823(are)X
1962(badly)X
2190(served)X
2451(by)X
2571(current)X
2852(data)X
3031(base)X
3219(systems,)X
3551(regardless)X
3938(of)X
555 4596(what)N
749(data)X
919(model)X
1163(is)X
1245(supported.)X
1659(This)X
1839(point)X
2044(is)X
2126(discussed)X
2486(in)X
2578(detail)X
2798(in)X
2890([STON83],)X
3310(and)X
3460(we)X
3584(present)X
3860(here)X
555 4695(only)N
738(a)X
803(very)X
985(simple)X
1247(example.)X
1616(Suppose)X
1940(a)X
2005(user)X
2177(wishes)X
2442(to)X
2537(store)X
2734(the)X
2868(layout)X
3115(of)X
3214(Manhattan)X
3617(,)X
3665(i.e.)X
3799(a)X
3864(data)X
555 4794(set)N
678(consisting)X
1061(of)X
1159(two-dimensional)X
1777(rectangular)X
2198(boxes.)X
2472(Obviously,)X
2886(a)X
2950(box)X
3107(can)X
3254(be)X
3362(represented)X
3791(by)X
3903(the)X
555 4893(coordinates)N
990(of)X
1092(its)X
1205(two)X
1366(corner)X
1619(points)X
1864(\(X1,Y1\))X
2187(and)X
2343(\(X2,)X
2530(Y2\).)X
2739(Consequently,)X
3275(a)X
3343(reasonable)X
3747(schema)X
555 4992(for)N
679(this)X
829(data)X
998(is)X
1079(to)X
1170(construct)X
1515(a)X
1576(BOX)X
1783(relation)X
2075(as)X
2170(follows:)X
875 5124(BOX)N
1082(\(id,)X
1224(X1,)X
1375(Y1,)X
1526(X2,)X
1677(Y2\))X
755 5289(The)N
918(simplist)X
1225(possible)X
1540(query)X
1766(in)X
1861(this)X
2015(environment)X
2487(is)X
2572(to)X
2667(place)X
2879(a)X
2944(template)X
3274(over)X
3455(this)X
3608(spatial)X
3864(data)X
555 5388(base)N
736(and)X
888(ask)X
1030(for)X
1157(all)X
1271(boxes)X
1501(that)X
1659(are)X
1791(visible)X
2052(in)X
2146(the)X
2278(viewing)X
2586(region.)X
2879(If)X
2961(this)X
3113(region)X
3362(corresponds)X
3810(to)X
3903(the)X
555 5487(unit)N
724(square,)X
1006(i.e.)X
1167(the)X
1306(box)X
1469(from)X
1671(\(0,0\))X
1870(to)X
1970(\(1,1\),)X
2190(then)X
2372(the)X
2510(most)X
2712(ef\256cient)X
3031(representation)X
3560(of)X
3663(the)X
3801(above)X
555 5586(query)N
777(in)X
868(SQL)X
1056(is:)X
3 f
12 s
2259 6048(9)N

10 p
%%Page: 10 10
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
875 771(select)N
1098(*)X
875 870(from)N
1068(BOX)X
875 969(where)N
1111(X1)X
1240(<=)X
1362(1)X
1428(and)X
1073 1068(X2)N
1202(>=)X
1324(0)X
1390(and)X
1073 1167(Y1)N
1202(<=)X
1324(1)X
1390(and)X
1073 1266(Y2)N
1202(>=)X
1324(0)X
555 1398(Moreover,)N
958(it)X
1043(generally)X
1406(takes)X
1622(a)X
1696(few)X
1862(tries)X
2049(before)X
2308(a)X
2381(skilled)X
2651(SQL)X
2851(user)X
3031(reaches)X
3328(this)X
3490(representation.)X
555 1497(Consequently,)N
1088(even)X
1279(trivial)X
1516(queries)X
1795(are)X
1927(hard)X
2108(to)X
2202(program.)X
2569(In)X
2667(addition,)X
3004(no)X
3117(matter)X
3368(what)X
3564(collection)X
3938(of)X
555 1596(B-tree)N
804(or)X
906(hash)X
1096(indexes)X
1393(are)X
1528(constructed)X
1962(on)X
2078(any)X
2233(key)X
2388(or)X
2489(collections)X
2900(of)X
3001(keys,)X
3212(this)X
3368(query)X
3596(will)X
3762(require)X
555 1695(the)N
701(run-time)X
1043(execution)X
1424(engine)X
1696(to)X
1802(examine,)X
2160(on)X
2285(the)X
2430(average,)X
2762(half)X
2936(of)X
3046(the)X
3191(index)X
3424(records)X
3719(in)X
3825(some)X
555 1794(index.)N
818(If)X
899(there)X
1098(are)X
1228(1,000,000)X
1603(boxes,)X
1853(500,000)X
2161(index)X
2379(records)X
2659(will)X
2819(be)X
2924(inspected)X
3279(by)X
3389(an)X
3494(average)X
3789(query.)X
555 1893(This)N
734(will)X
894(ensure)X
1145(bad)X
1294(performance)X
1760(even)X
1948(on)X
2058(a)X
2119(very)X
2297(large)X
2495(machine.)X
755 2025(In)N
865(summary)X
1230(the)X
1375(box)X
1544(application)X
1974(is)X
2070(poorly)X
2337(served)X
2603(on)X
2728(existing)X
3044(relational)X
3414(DBMSs)X
3733(because)X
555 2124(simple)N
818(queries)X
1099(are)X
1233(dif\256cult)X
1540(to)X
1636(construct)X
1986(in)X
2082(SQL)X
2275(and)X
2429(they)X
2608(execute)X
2904(with)X
3088(bad)X
3242(performance.)X
3735(To)X
3860(sup-)X
555 2223(port)N
719(the)X
849(box)X
1025(environment,)X
1515(a)X
1576(relational)X
1932(DBMS)X
2203(must:)X
907 2421(1\))N
1004(support)X
1292(``box'')X
1564(as)X
1661(a)X
1724(data)X
1895(type.)X
2115(In)X
2212(this)X
2364(way,)X
2556(the)X
2688(BOX)X
2897(relation)X
3191(can)X
3337(have)X
3527(two)X
907 2520(\256elds)N
1120(as)X
1215(follows:)X
1227 2652(BOX)N
1434(\(id,)X
1576(description\))X
907 2883(2\))N
1014(Support)X
1327(&&)X
1499(as)X
1606(an)X
1723(SQL)X
1923(operator)X
2250(meaning)X
2588(``overlaps''.)X
3080(In)X
3187(this)X
3349(way,)X
3551(the)X
907 2982(query)N
1129(can)X
1273(be)X
1378(expressed)X
1746(as:)X
1227 3114(select)N
1450(*)X
1227 3213(from)N
1420(BOX)X
1227 3312(where)N
1463(description)X
1877(&&)X
2037(``\(0,0\),)X
2307(\(1,1\)'')X
907 3543(3\))N
1003(Support)X
1305(a)X
1367(spatial)X
1620(access)X
1866(method)X
2153(such)X
2336(as)X
2431(R-trees)X
2707([GUTM84])X
3133(or)X
3228(K-D-B)X
3493(trees)X
907 3642([ROBI81].)N
1338(This)X
1526(will)X
1695(ensure)X
1955(that)X
2119(the)X
2258(above)X
2499(extended)X
2848(SQL)X
3045(command)X
3424(can)X
3576(be)X
907 3741(ef\256ciently)N
1287(processed.)X
755 3972(In)N
867(addition,)X
1218(examples)X
1590(can)X
1751(be)X
1873(easily)X
2118(constructed)X
2562(which)X
2815(emphasize)X
3225(the)X
3371(need)X
3575(for)X
3715(multiple)X
555 4071(inheritance)N
976(of)X
1078(data)X
1254(and)X
1409(operators,)X
1786(ef\256cient)X
2103(storage)X
2385(of)X
2486(very)X
2670(large)X
2874(objects,)X
3174(objects)X
3452(which)X
3695(are)X
3830(com-)X
555 4170(posed)N
810(of)X
933(other)X
1164(objects,)X
1486(etc.)X
1683(Proposals)X
2075(addressing)X
2501(various)X
2810(of)X
2933(these)X
3164(ideas)X
3394(are)X
3550(contained)X
3942(in)X
555 4269([STON86b,)N
992(CARE86,)X
1362(BANE87,)X
1736(FISH87,)X
2060(LIND87],)X
2432(and)X
2583(these)X
2788(should)X
3047(move)X
3267(into)X
3429(commercial)X
3870(sys-)X
555 4368(tems)N
747(in)X
841(the)X
973(near)X
1148(future.)X
1426(The)X
1587(aggressive)X
1982(vendors)X
2284(will)X
2446(be)X
2553(include)X
2837(such)X
3022(capabilities)X
3449(as)X
3546(extensions)X
3942(to)X
555 4467(SQL.)N
3 f
12 s
555 4662(4.4.)N
747(Summary)X
1 f
11 s
755 4794(ANSI)N
989(is)X
1078(currently)X
1426(preparing)X
1793(a)X
1862(draft)X
2058(of)X
2161(SQL)X
2357(2,)X
2453(its)X
2567(proposed)X
2919(future)X
3159(extension)X
3527(to)X
3625(the)X
3762(current)X
555 4893(SQL)N
750(standard.)X
1121(However,)X
1493(it)X
1572(contains)X
3 f
1895(no)X
1 f
2017(capabilities)X
2449(in)X
2546(the)X
2682(areas)X
2890(of)X
2991(knowledge)X
3405(management)X
3884(and)X
555 4992(object)N
810(management.)X
1344(Since)X
1579(these)X
1799(capabilities)X
2241(are)X
2386(perceived)X
2766(to)X
2873(be)X
3 f
2994(extremely)X
1 f
3403(useful)X
3656(in)X
3763(a)X
3840(wide)X
555 5091(variety)N
839(of)X
951(situations,)X
1351(aggressive)X
1761(vendors)X
2077(will)X
2253(move)X
2487(ahead)X
2730(in)X
2837(these)X
3056(areas)X
3274(with)X
3469(vendor-speci\256c)X
555 5190(capabilities.)N
1025(As)X
1145(a)X
1207(result)X
1426(SQL)X
1615(2)X
1682(will)X
1843(contain)X
2126(only)X
2305(a)X
2366(subset)X
2608(of)X
2703(available)X
3044(commercial)X
3483(functions.)X
3877(In)X
3972(a)X
555 5289(time)N
746(of)X
852(rapid)X
1066(technological)X
1575(change,)X
1879(the)X
2020(standard)X
2351(will)X
2522(substantially)X
3002(lag)X
3142(the)X
3282(industry)X
3603(leaders)X
3884(and)X
555 5388(will)N
715(be)X
820(doomed)X
1126(to)X
1217(instantaneous)X
1719(technological)X
2217(obsolescence.)X
755 5520(To)N
881(clearly)X
1149(see)X
1289(the)X
1425(reason)X
1682(for)X
1812(this)X
1968(dismal)X
2232(state)X
2422(of)X
2523(affairs)X
2775(one)X
2930(need)X
3124(only)X
3309(look)X
3494(at)X
3586(the)X
3722(philoso-)X
555 5619(phy)N
721(of)X
828(standardization)X
1401(that)X
1568(is)X
1661(being)X
1891(pursued.)X
2246(There)X
2484(are)X
2624(two)X
2789(successful)X
3183(models,)X
3493(the)X
3 f
3634(resolution)X
1 f
555 5718(model)N
800(and)X
951(the)X
3 f
1083(beacon)X
1 f
1371(model.)X
1660(In)X
1757(the)X
1888(beacon)X
2160(model)X
2404(one)X
2554(assembles)X
2934(the)X
3065(vendors)X
3366(of)X
3462(existing)X
3765(similar)X
3 f
12 s
2235 6048(10)N

11 p
%%Page: 11 11
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(but)N
702(not)X
849(quite)X
1060(compatible)X
1487(products)X
1823(in)X
1925(a)X
1997(committee)X
2404(with)X
2594(interested)X
2970(users)X
3183(and)X
3343(charges)X
3644(them)X
3854(with)X
555 870(resolving)N
906(their)X
1091(differences)X
1504(by)X
1615(a)X
1677(political)X
1991(negotiation.)X
2456(This)X
2636(model)X
2880(of)X
2976(political)X
3289(resolution)X
3664(by)X
3774(a)X
3835(large)X
555 969(committee)N
951(works)X
1187(well)X
1361(when:)X
875 1101(1\))N
970(there)X
1168(are)X
1297(many)X
1515 0.2500(implementations)AX
2127(of)X
2222(the)X
2352(object)X
2590(being)X
2808(standardized)X
875 1200(2\))N
970(dramatic)X
1301(changes)X
1606(are)X
1735(not)X
1870(happening)X
2259(in)X
2350(the)X
2480(object)X
2718(being)X
2936(standardized)X
875 1299(3\))N
970(resolution)X
1345(of)X
1440(differences)X
1852(is)X
1933(a)X
1994(political)X
2307(problem)X
555 1431(The)N
714(ongoing)X
1025(standardization)X
1586(efforts)X
1837(in)X
1928(Cobol)X
2166(and)X
2315(Fortran)X
2596(clearly)X
2858(\256t)X
2954(into)X
3114(the)X
3244(resolution)X
3619(model.)X
755 1563(On)N
890(the)X
1026(other)X
1235(hand,)X
1456(Ada)X
1630(is)X
1716(a)X
1782(good)X
1985(example)X
2311(of)X
2411(the)X
2546(beacon)X
2822(model.)X
3114(Here)X
3311(a)X
3377(new)X
3550(standard)X
3875(was)X
555 1662(invented)N
886(with)X
1070(no)X
1185(commercial)X
1629 0.2500(implementations)AX
2246(preceding)X
2620(it.)X
2741(In)X
2841(this)X
2996(case,)X
3196(DOD)X
3412(wisely)X
3669(generated)X
555 1761(the)N
691(standard)X
1017(by)X
1133(charging)X
1469(several)X
1746(small)X
1966(teams)X
2200(with)X
2385(designing)X
2756(languages)X
3136(and)X
3291(then)X
3471(picked)X
3734(the)X
3869(best)X
555 1860(one.)N
767(In)X
881(this)X
1050(case,)X
1264(design)X
1535(of)X
1649(the)X
1798(standard)X
2137(was)X
2314(accomplished)X
2840(by)X
2969(a)X
3049(small)X
3282(team)X
3495(of)X
3609(very)X
3805(gifted)X
555 1959(language)N
908(designers)X
1275(decoupled)X
1672(from)X
1878(any)X
2040(political)X
2366(process.)X
2708(The)X
2880(beacon)X
3164(model)X
3420(works)X
3669(very)X
3859(well)X
555 2058(when:)N
875 2190(1\))N
970(there)X
1168(are)X
1297(no)X
1407 0.2500(implementations)AX
2019(of)X
2114(the)X
2244(object)X
2482(being)X
2700(standardized)X
875 2289(2\))N
970(dramatic)X
1301(changes)X
1606(are)X
1735(contemplated)X
875 2388(3\))N
970(a)X
1031(small)X
1245(team)X
1439(of)X
1534(technical)X
1875(experts)X
2151(does)X
2334(the)X
2464(actual)X
2697(design)X
755 2553(We)N
919(can)X
1083(now)X
1275(examine)X
1615(SQL)X
1822(standardization)X
2402(in)X
2512(this)X
2681(light.)X
2929(Clearly,)X
3252(the)X
3401(previous)X
3745(activity)X
555 2652(\(which)N
830(we)X
963(call)X
1122(SQL-1\))X
1421(is)X
1511(an)X
1625(example)X
1955(of)X
2059(the)X
2198(resolution)X
2582(model.)X
2878(Moreover,)X
3277(the)X
3415(process)X
3708(has)X
3855(con-)X
555 2751(verged)N
822(a)X
889(collection)X
1266(of)X
1367(slightly)X
1661(incompatible)X
2151(versions)X
2471(of)X
2571(SQL)X
2764(to)X
2860(a)X
2926(political)X
3244(resolution.)X
3668(However,)X
555 2850(SQL-2)N
821(is)X
907(a)X
973(proposal)X
1303(to)X
1399(extend)X
1661(the)X
1796(language)X
2141(onto)X
2325(virgin)X
2563(turf,)X
2738(i.e.)X
2872(to)X
2967(include)X
3253(capabilities)X
3682(which)X
3923(no)X
555 2949(vendors)N
872(currently)X
1229(have)X
1434 0.2500(implementations)AX
2063(for.)X
2248(Moreover,)X
2654(relational)X
3026(DBMSs)X
3347(are)X
3492(an)X
3613(area)X
3797(where)X
555 3048(dramatic)N
892(technical)X
1239(change)X
1516(is)X
1603(happening.)X
2042(Hence,)X
2316(now)X
2495(capabilities)X
2926(would)X
3173(be)X
3283(best)X
3452(worked)X
3742(on)X
3857(by)X
3972(a)X
555 3147(small)N
769(team)X
963(of)X
1058(experts,)X
1356(and)X
1505(not)X
1640(by)X
1750(a)X
1811(large)X
2009(group)X
2236(of)X
2331(politicians.)X
755 3279(In)N
853(summary,)X
1228(there)X
1429(are)X
1561(two)X
1718(defendable)X
2128(choices)X
2416(open)X
2611(to)X
2704(ANSI)X
2932(at)X
3020(the)X
3152(current)X
3425(time.)X
3651(First,)X
3859(they)X
555 3378(could)N
777(follow)X
1033(the)X
1167(resolution)X
1546(model.)X
1837(In)X
1936(this)X
2090(case,)X
2289(they)X
2467(have)X
2659(accomplished)X
3169(their)X
3356(initial)X
3589(objective)X
3938(of)X
555 3477(coalescing)N
956(the)X
1093(initial)X
1330(versions)X
1652(of)X
1754(SQL.)X
1992(They)X
2201(should)X
2464(now)X
2643(adjourn)X
2940(the)X
3076(committee)X
3478(for)X
3608(a)X
3675(couple)X
3938(of)X
555 3576(years)N
777(while)X
1010(the)X
1155(aggressive)X
1563(vendors)X
1878(do)X
2003(substantial)X
2418(supersets.)X
2821(Later)X
3044(they)X
3233(should)X
3505(reconvene)X
3903(the)X
555 3675(committee)N
958(to)X
1056(resolve)X
1339(the)X
1476(differences)X
1895(by)X
2012(political)X
2332(negotiation.)X
2803(On)X
2939(the)X
3075(other)X
3284(hand,)X
3505(if)X
3587(they)X
3767(choose)X
555 3774(the)N
694(beacon)X
974(model,)X
1248(they)X
1431(should)X
1697(subcontract)X
2134(two)X
2297(or)X
2401(more)X
2612(small)X
2834(teams)X
3070(of)X
3173(experts)X
3457(to)X
3556(do)X
3674(proposals)X
555 3873(and)N
706(then)X
882(pick)X
1058(the)X
1190(best)X
1356(one.)X
1551(The)X
1712(problem)X
2030(with)X
2211(ANSI)X
2439(SQL)X
2629(is)X
2712(that)X
2868(they)X
3043(did)X
3179(SQL-1)X
3441(according)X
3811(to)X
3903(the)X
555 3972(resolution)N
947(model.)X
1251(Now)X
1460(with)X
1656(no)X
1783(change)X
2071(in)X
2179(structure,)X
2548(they)X
2739(are)X
2885(trying)X
3134(to)X
3241(switch)X
3509(to)X
3616(the)X
3762(beacon)X
555 4071(model.)N
842(As)X
961(a)X
1022(result,)X
1262(I)X
1313(feel)X
1467(they)X
1641(are)X
1770(guaranteed)X
2178(to)X
2269(fail.)X
3 f
12 s
555 4266(5.)N
675(DISTRIBUTED)X
1358(DATA)X
1653(BASES)X
1 f
3 f
555 4461(5.1.)N
747(Why)X
968(Distributed)X
1461(DBMSs)X
1 f
11 s
755 4593(There)N
982(is)X
1063(considerable)X
1530(confusion)X
1899(in)X
1990(the)X
2120(marketplace)X
2573(concerning)X
2986(the)X
3116(de\256nition)X
3477(of)X
3572(a)X
3633(distributed)X
555 4692(DBMS.)N
871(At)X
981(the)X
1111(very)X
1289(least)X
1473(it)X
1545(must)X
1739(provide)X
2030(a)X
2091(``seamless'')X
2542(interface)X
2872(to)X
2963(data)X
3132(that)X
3287(is)X
3368(stored)X
3605(on)X
3715(multiple)X
555 4791(computer)N
916(systems.)X
1267(For)X
1417(example,)X
1766(if)X
1848(EMP)X
2057(is)X
2144(stored)X
2387(on)X
2503(a)X
2570(machine)X
2897(in)X
2993(London)X
3294(and)X
3448(DEPT)X
3695(is)X
3781(placed)X
555 4890(on)N
675(a)X
746(machine)X
1077(in)X
1178(Hong)X
1405(Kong,)X
1654(then)X
1838(it)X
1920(must)X
2124(be)X
2239(possible)X
2559(to)X
2659(join)X
2828(these)X
3040(relations)X
3375(without)X
3676(explicitly)X
555 4989(logging)N
866(on)X
995(to)X
1105(both)X
1303(sites)X
1501(and)X
1669(assembling)X
2107(needed)X
2397(data)X
2585(manually)X
2955(at)X
3060(some)X
3287(processing)X
3704(location.)X
555 5088(Instead)N
840(one)X
998(would)X
1249(want)X
1451(the)X
1590(notion)X
1847(of)X
1951(``location)X
2325(transparency'')X
2863(whereby)X
3195(one)X
3352(could)X
3578(simply)X
3849(state)X
555 5187(the)N
685(following)X
1050(SQL:)X
875 5319(select)N
1098(name)X
875 5418(from)N
1068(EMP)X
875 5517(where)N
1111(dept)X
1285(in)X
1029 5616(select)N
1252(dname)X
1029 5715(from)N
1222(DEPT)X
3 f
12 s
2235 6048(11)N

12 p
%%Page: 12 12
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
1029 771(where)N
1265(\257oor)X
1453(=)X
1525(1)X
555 903(There)N
793(are)X
932(several)X
1213(vendors)X
1523(who)X
1706(are)X
1845(marketing)X
2235(software)X
2569(systems)X
2880(as)X
2985(distributed)X
3395(data)X
3574(bases)X
3796(which)X
555 1002(cannot)N
816(run)X
959(the)X
1093(above)X
1329(query)X
1555(but)X
1694(instead)X
1969(provide)X
2263(only)X
2445(remote)X
2715(access)X
2964(to)X
3058(data)X
3230(at)X
3319(a)X
3383(single)X
3619(site)X
3767(or)X
3865(pro-)X
555 1101(vide)N
734(only)X
917(a)X
982(micro-to-mainframe)X
1723(connection.)X
2180(Such)X
2382(systems)X
2687(are)X
3 f
2820(NOT)X
1 f
3037(distributed)X
3441(DBMSs)X
3750(and)X
3903(the)X
555 1200(marketing)N
935(hype)X
1128(on)X
1238(the)X
1368(part)X
1527(of)X
1622(such)X
1805(vendors)X
2105(should)X
2362(be)X
2467 0.3187(immediately)AX
2932(discounted.)X
755 1332(Moreover,)N
1145(location)X
1452(transparency)X
1923(can)X
2067(be)X
2172(provided)X
2507(either)X
2730(by:)X
875 1464(a)N
936(network)X
1246(\256le)X
1381(system)X
1648(\(NFS\))X
1889(or)X
875 1563(a)N
936(distributed)X
1336(DBMS)X
555 1695(A)N
643(user)X
814(should)X
3 f
1074(very)X
1265(carefully)X
1 f
1623(check)X
1853(which)X
2093(technique)X
2461(is)X
2545(being)X
2766(using)X
2981(by)X
3093(any)X
3244(vendor)X
3512(who)X
3687(claims)X
3942(to)X
555 1794(sell)N
705(a)X
771(distributed)X
1176(data)X
1350(base)X
1533(system.)X
1849(Consider)X
2194(a)X
2260(user)X
2433(in)X
2528(San)X
2686(Francisco)X
3054(who)X
3231(is)X
3316(interacting)X
3720(with)X
3903(the)X
555 1893(above)N
792(EMP)X
1000(and)X
1154(DEPT)X
1401(relations)X
1732(in)X
1828(London)X
2129(and)X
2283(Hong)X
2505(Kong.)X
2749(To)X
2873(\256nd)X
3036(the)X
3170(names)X
3421(of)X
3520(employees)X
3923(on)X
555 1992(the)N
692(\256rst)X
858(\257oor)X
1053(using)X
1273(an)X
1385(NFS)X
1575(solution,)X
1911(both)X
2097(relations)X
2430(will)X
2597(be)X
2708(paged)X
2946(over)X
3130(the)X
3266(network)X
3582(and)X
3737(the)X
3873(join)X
555 2091(accomplished)N
1068(in)X
1165(San)X
1325(Francisco.)X
1739(Using)X
1977(a)X
2044(distributed)X
2450(DBMS)X
2727(a)X
2794(heuristic)X
3126(optimizer)X
3492(will)X
3657(choose)X
3928(an)X
555 2190 0.3250(intelligent)AN
939(accessing)X
1300(strategy)X
1603(and)X
1754(probably)X
2091(choose)X
2359(to)X
2452(move)X
2672(the)X
2804(the)X
2936(\256rst-\257oor)X
3292(departments)X
3747(to)X
3840(Lon-)X
555 2289(don,)N
731(perform)X
1036(the)X
1166(join)X
1326(there,)X
1546(and)X
1695(then)X
1869(move)X
2087(the)X
2217(end)X
2366(result)X
2584(to)X
2675(San)X
2829(Francisco.)X
3215(This)X
3394(strategy)X
3695(will)X
3855(gen-)X
555 2388(erally)N
778(be)X
883(orders)X
1124(of)X
1219(magnitude)X
1614(faster)X
1831(than)X
2005(an)X
2110(NFS)X
2293(strategy.)X
2638(As)X
2757(Bill)X
2913(Joy)X
3057(once)X
3245(said:)X
875 2520(think)N
1079(remote)X
1346(procedures)X
1753(not)X
1888(remote)X
2155(data)X
555 2652(Put)N
695(differently,)X
1111(one)X
1260(should)X
1517(send)X
1700(the)X
1830(queries)X
2106(to)X
2197(the)X
2327(data)X
2496(and)X
2645(not)X
2780(bring)X
2988(the)X
3118(data)X
3287(to)X
3378(the)X
3508(query.)X
755 2784(A)N
841(lazy)X
1011(vendor)X
1278(can)X
1423(quickly)X
1711(implement)X
2113(an)X
2219(NFS-based)X
2632(distributed)X
3032(data)X
3201(manager)X
3526(that)X
3681(will)X
3841(offer)X
555 2883(bad)N
709(performance.)X
1202(Distributed)X
1626(DBMSs)X
1936(with)X
2120(heuristic)X
2451(optimizers)X
2851(are)X
2985(considerably)X
3462(more)X
3670(work,)X
3898(but)X
555 2982(offer)N
752(much)X
975(better)X
1203(performance.)X
1718(A)X
1808(client)X
2031(of)X
2130(distributed)X
2534(data)X
2707(managers)X
3070(must)X
3268(develop)X
3573(the)X
3707(sophisti-)X
555 3081(cation)N
793(to)X
884(be)X
989(able)X
1158(to)X
1249(distinguish)X
1659(the)X
1789(lazy)X
1958(vendors)X
2258(from)X
2451(the)X
2581(serious)X
2852(ones.)X
755 3213(Distributed)N
1178(data)X
1351(base)X
1533(systems)X
1838(will)X
2002(\256nd)X
2164(universal)X
2512(acceptance)X
2923(because)X
3226(they)X
3403(address)X
3691(all)X
3805(of)X
3903(the)X
555 3312(following)N
931(situations.)X
1347(First,)X
1564(most)X
1769(large)X
1978(organizations)X
2486(are)X
2626(geographically)X
3183(decentralized)X
3686(and)X
3845(have)X
555 3411(multiple)N
875(computer)X
1232(systems)X
1535(at)X
1622(multiple)X
1941(locations.)X
2327(It)X
2404(is)X
2486(usually)X
2764(impractical)X
3185(to)X
3277(have)X
3466(a)X
3528(single)X
3762(``inter-)X
555 3510(galactic'')N
912(DBA)X
1121(to)X
1213(control)X
1486(the)X
1617(world-wide)X
2045(data)X
2215(resources)X
2569(of)X
2665(a)X
2727(company.)X
3117(Rather)X
3375(one)X
3525(wants)X
3753(to)X
3845(have)X
555 3609(a)N
623(DBA)X
837(at)X
930(each)X
1120(site,)X
1294(and)X
1450(then)X
1631(construct)X
1983(a)X
2051(distributed)X
2457(data)X
2632(base)X
2816(to)X
2913(allow)X
3137(users)X
3345(to)X
3442(access)X
3694(the)X
3830(com-)X
555 3708(pany)N
748(resource.)X
755 3840(Second,)N
1085(in)X
1203(high)X
1409(transaction)X
1845(rate)X
2026(environments)X
2555(one)X
2731(must)X
2951(assemble)X
3322(a)X
3409(large)X
3633(computing)X
555 3939(resource.)N
921(While)X
1162(it)X
1237(is)X
1320(certainly)X
1653(acceptable)X
2049(to)X
2142(buy)X
2298(a)X
2361(large)X
2561(mainframe)X
2967(computer)X
3324(\(e.g.)X
3504(an)X
3611(IBM)X
3801(Sierra)X
555 4038(class)N
752(machine\),)X
1128(it)X
1204(will)X
1368(be)X
1477(nearly)X
1723(2)X
1793(orders)X
2038(of)X
2137(magnitude)X
2536(cheaper)X
2834(to)X
2928(assemble)X
3276(a)X
3340(network)X
3653(of)X
3751(smaller)X
555 4137(machines)N
915(and)X
1068(run)X
1211(a)X
1276(distributed)X
1680(data)X
1853(base)X
2035(system.)X
2350(Tandem)X
2665(has)X
2808(shown)X
3063(that)X
3222(transaction)X
3635(processing)X
555 4236(on)N
679(this)X
843(architecture)X
1295(expands)X
1619(linearly)X
1924(with)X
2116(the)X
2259(number)X
2563(of)X
2671(processors.)X
3120(In)X
3228(most)X
3435(environments,)X
3972(a)X
555 4335(very)N
736(ef\256cient)X
1050(transaction)X
1462(processing)X
1863(engine)X
2123(can)X
2270(be)X
2378(assembled)X
2770(by)X
2883(networking)X
3309(small)X
3526(machines)X
3884(and)X
555 4434(running)N
855(a)X
920(distributed)X
1324(DBMS.)X
1643(The)X
1806(ultimate)X
2123(version)X
2408(of)X
2506(this)X
2659(con\256guration)X
3154(is)X
3238(a)X
3302(network)X
3615(of)X
3713(personal)X
555 4533(computers.)N
755 4665(Third,)N
1002(suppose)X
1314(one)X
1470(wants)X
1703(to)X
1800(of\257oad)X
2077(data)X
2252(base)X
2436(cycles)X
2684(from)X
2883(a)X
2950(large)X
3154(mainframe)X
3564(onto)X
3749(a)X
3816(back-)X
555 4764(end)N
717(machine,)X
1073(as)X
1181(typically)X
1526(advised)X
1830(by)X
1953(data)X
2135(base)X
2326(machine)X
2659(companies)X
3070(including)X
3438(Britton-Lee)X
3884(and)X
555 4863(Teradata.)N
910(If)X
993(so,)X
1118(it)X
1193(will)X
1356(make)X
1572(sense)X
1786(to)X
1879(support)X
2167(the)X
2299(possibility)X
2692(of)X
2789(more)X
2994(than)X
3170(one)X
3321(back-end)X
3667(CPU,)X
3884(and)X
555 4962(a)N
616(distributed)X
1016(DBMS)X
1287(is)X
1368(required.)X
1727(In)X
1822(fact,)X
1998(Teradata)X
2328(includes)X
2644(one)X
2793(on)X
2903(their)X
3087(machine)X
3408(already.)X
755 5094(Fourth,)N
1042(as)X
1145(will)X
1313(be)X
1426(discussed)X
1792(presently,)X
2166(I)X
2224(expect)X
2483(more)X
2693(and)X
2849(more)X
3059(users)X
3268(to)X
3366(have)X
3561(workstations)X
555 5193(on)N
672(their)X
863(desks,)X
1109(replacing)X
1466(standard)X
1793(terminals.)X
2194(I)X
2251(also)X
2421(expect)X
2679(most)X
2879(workstations)X
3357(will)X
3523(have)X
3717(attached)X
555 5292(disks)N
763(to)X
859(ensure)X
1115(good)X
1318(I/O)X
1462(performance.)X
1977(In)X
2077(such)X
2264(an)X
2373(environment,)X
2867(one)X
3020(will)X
3184(have)X
3376(a)X
3441(large)X
3643(number)X
3938(of)X
555 5391(data)N
740(bases)X
968(on)X
1094(workstations)X
1582(that)X
1753(may)X
1943(be)X
2063(of)X
2173(a)X
2249(personal)X
2584(nature)X
2841(\(such)X
3068(as)X
3178(appointment)X
3657(calendars,)X
555 5490(phone)N
806(directories,)X
1235(mail)X
1428(lists,)X
1628(etc.\))X
1817(Even)X
2033(such)X
2229(personal)X
2562(data)X
2744(bases)X
2969(require)X
3253(a)X
3327(distributed)X
3740(DBMS,)X
555 5589(because)N
855(such)X
1038(tasks)X
1236(as)X
1331(electronically)X
1834(scheduling)X
2238(as)X
2333(meeting)X
2640(require)X
2911(them.)X
3 f
12 s
2235 6048(12)N

13 p
%%Page: 13 13
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
755 771(Lastly,)N
1030(virtually)X
1362(all)X
1483(users)X
1695(must)X
1899(live)X
2064(with)X
2253(the)X
2392(``sins)X
2618(of)X
2722(the)X
2861(past'',)X
3114(i.e.)X
3253(data)X
3431(currently)X
3780(imple-)X
555 870(mented)N
840(in)X
934(a)X
998(multitude)X
1363(of)X
1461(previous)X
1789(generation)X
2186(systems.)X
2534(It)X
2613(is)X
2697(impossible)X
3105(to)X
3198(rewrite)X
3471(all)X
3584(applications)X
555 969(at)N
650(once,)X
869(and)X
1027(a)X
1097(distributed)X
1506(DBMS)X
1786(which)X
2032(supports)X
2361(foreign)X
2646(local)X
2849(data)X
3027(managers)X
3394(allows)X
3654(a)X
3723(graceful)X
555 1068(transition)N
913(into)X
1075(a)X
1138(future)X
1372(architecture)X
1812(by)X
1924(allowing)X
2257(old)X
2394(applications)X
2844(for)X
2969(obsolete)X
3286(data)X
3456(bases)X
3669(to)X
3761(coexist)X
555 1167(with)N
736(new)X
906(applications)X
1357(written)X
1631(for)X
1757(a)X
1820(current)X
2093(generation)X
2489(DBMSs.)X
2818(This)X
2999(point)X
3205(is)X
3288(further)X
3551(elaborated)X
3942(in)X
555 1266(Section)N
842(7.)X
755 1398(I)N
809(expect)X
1064(everybody)X
1460(to)X
1554(want)X
1750(a)X
1814(distributed)X
2217(data)X
2389(base)X
2569(system)X
2838(for)X
2964(one)X
3115(or)X
3212(more)X
3417(of)X
3514(these)X
3719(\256ve)X
3875(rea-)X
555 1497(sons.)N
782(Hence,)X
1055(I)X
1111(believe)X
1393(that)X
1553(all)X
1669(DBMS)X
1945(vendors)X
2250(will)X
2415(implement)X
2821(distributed)X
3226(DBMSs)X
3535(and)X
3688(it)X
3764(will)X
3928(be)X
555 1596(hard)N
733(to)X
824(\256nd)X
983(vendors)X
1283(who)X
1456(offer)X
1648(only)X
1827(a)X
1888(single)X
2121(site)X
2266(DBMS)X
2537(in)X
2628(a)X
2689(few)X
2842(years.)X
3 f
12 s
555 1791(5.2.)N
747(Research)X
1150(Issues)X
1418(in)X
1522(Distributed)X
2015(DBMSs)X
1 f
11 s
755 1923(There)N
983(has)X
1123(been)X
1312(a)X
1374(mountain)X
1731(of)X
1827(research)X
2142(on)X
2253(algorithms)X
2654(to)X
2745(support)X
3031(distributed)X
3431(data)X
3600(bases)X
3812(in)X
3903(the)X
555 2022(areas)N
768(of)X
874(query)X
1107(processing)X
1516([SELI80],)X
1903(concurrency)X
2370(control)X
2653([BERN81],)X
3089(crash)X
3306(recovery)X
3645([SKEE82])X
555 2121(and)N
721(update)X
995(of)X
1107(multiple)X
1442(copies)X
1706([DAVI85].)X
2153(In)X
2265(this)X
2432(section,)X
2743(I)X
2811(indicate)X
3130(two)X
3301(important)X
3683(problems)X
555 2220(which)N
792(require)X
1063(further)X
1324(investigation.)X
755 2352(First,)N
970(users)X
1181(are)X
1319(contemplating)X
3 f
1856(very)X
2053(large)X
1 f
2275(distributed)X
2684(data)X
2862(base)X
3049(systems)X
3359(consisting)X
3747(of)X
3850(hun-)X
555 2451(dreds)N
777(or)X
882(even)X
1080(thousands)X
1464(of)X
1569(nodes.)X
1850(In)X
1955(a)X
2025(large)X
2232(network,)X
2573(it)X
2654(becomes)X
2993(unreasonable)X
3488(to)X
3588(assume)X
3878(that)X
555 2550(each)N
743(relation)X
1039(has)X
1182(a)X
1247(unique)X
1513(name.)X
1774(Moreover,)X
2168(having)X
2434(the)X
2568(query)X
2794(optimizer)X
3159(inspect)X
3435(all)X
3550(possible)X
3865(pro-)X
555 2649(cessing)N
841(sites)X
1025(as)X
1125(candidate)X
1490(locations)X
1836(to)X
1932(perform)X
2242(a)X
2308(distributed)X
2713(join)X
2878(will)X
3042(result)X
3264(in)X
3359(unreasonably)X
3854(long)X
555 2748(optimizer)N
919(running)X
1218(times.)X
1479(In)X
1577(short,)X
1800(the)X
1933(problems)X
2286(of)X
2384(``scale'')X
2701(in)X
2795(distributed)X
3198(data)X
3370(bases)X
3585(merit)X
3796(inves-)X
555 2847(tigation)N
848(by)X
958(the)X
1088(research)X
1402(community.)X
755 2979(Second,)N
1062(current)X
1336(techniques)X
1738(for)X
1865(updating)X
2199(multiple)X
2520(copies)X
2770(of)X
2868(objects)X
3143(require)X
3417(additional)X
3796(inves-)X
555 3078(tigation.)N
899(Consider)X
1246(the)X
1383(simple)X
1648(case)X
1827(of)X
1928(a)X
1995(second)X
2267(copy)X
2466(of)X
2567(a)X
2634(person's)X
2959(checking)X
3305(account)X
3607(at)X
3699(a)X
3766(remote)X
555 3177(location.)N
909(When)X
1143(that)X
1300(person)X
1558(cashes)X
1811(a)X
1874(check,)X
2125(both)X
2306(copies)X
2555(must)X
2751(be)X
2858(updated)X
3161(to)X
3254(ensure)X
3507(consistency)X
3942(in)X
555 3276(case)N
737(of)X
840(failure.)X
1144(Hence,)X
1420(at)X
1514(least)X
1706(two)X
1868(round)X
2103(trip)X
2256(messages)X
2618(must)X
2820(be)X
2933(paid)X
3115(to)X
3214(the)X
3352(remote)X
3627(location)X
3942(to)X
555 3375(perform)N
861(this)X
1012(reliably.)X
1349(If)X
1429(the)X
1559(remote)X
1826(account)X
2122(is)X
2203(in)X
2294(Hong)X
2511(Kong,)X
2750(one)X
2899(can)X
3043(expect)X
3295(to)X
3386(wait)X
3560(an)X
3665(unreason-)X
555 3474(able)N
745(amount)X
1053(of)X
1169(time)X
1370(for)X
1515(this)X
1686(message)X
2027(traf\256c)X
2280(to)X
2392(occur.)X
2674(Hence,)X
2963(there)X
3181(will)X
3361(be)X
3486(no)X
3616(sub-second)X
555 3573(response)N
885(times)X
1100(to)X
1192(updates)X
1484(of)X
1580(a)X
1642(replicated)X
2013(object.)X
2296(To)X
2417(a)X
2479(user)X
2648(of)X
2744(DBMS)X
3016(services,)X
3343(this)X
3493(delay)X
3706(is)X
3787(unrea-)X
555 3672(sonable,)N
884(and)X
1049(algorithms)X
1465(that)X
1636(address)X
1937(this)X
2102(issue)X
2315(ef\256ciently)X
2710(must)X
2919(be)X
3039(developed.)X
3482(Either)X
3735(a)X
3811(lesser)X
555 3771(guarantee)N
920(than)X
1095(consistency)X
1529(must)X
1724(be)X
1830(considered,)X
2256(or)X
2352(alternatively)X
2817(algorithms)X
3218(that)X
3374(work)X
3576(only)X
3755(on)X
3865(spe-)X
555 3870(cial)N
723(case)X
914(updates)X
1223(\(e.g,)X
1419(ones)X
1620(guaranteed)X
2046(to)X
2155(be)X
2278(commutative\))X
2809(must)X
3021(be)X
3144(investigated.)X
3655(The)X
3831(work)X
555 3969(reported)N
870(in)X
961([KUMA88])X
1396(is)X
1477(a)X
1538(step)X
1702(in)X
1793(this)X
1943(direction.)X
3 f
12 s
555 4164(6.)N
675(OTHER)X
1046(TECHNOLOGIES)X
1 f
11 s
755 4296(In)N
852(this)X
1004(section)X
1278(I)X
1331(discuss)X
1609(a)X
1672(collection)X
2045(of)X
2142(other)X
2347(interesting)X
2744(trends)X
2983(that)X
3139(may)X
3314(be)X
3420(signi\256cant)X
3811(in)X
3903(the)X
555 4395(future.)N
3 f
12 s
555 4590(6.1.)N
747(Data)X
968(Base)X
1184(Machines)X
1 f
11 s
755 4722(It)N
835(appears)X
1129(that)X
1288(the)X
1422(conventional)X
1904(iron)X
2072(mongers)X
2401(are)X
2534(advancing)X
2922(the)X
3056(performance)X
3525(of)X
3623(single)X
3859(chip)X
555 4821(CPUs)N
788(at)X
880(nearly)X
1128(a)X
1195(factor)X
1428(of)X
1529(two)X
1689(per)X
1829(year,)X
2030(and)X
2185(that)X
2345(this)X
2500(improvement)X
2998(will)X
3163(continue)X
3494(for)X
3623(at)X
3714(least)X
3903(the)X
555 4920(next)N
729(couple)X
986(of)X
1081(years.)X
1332(Bill)X
1488(Joy)X
1632(quotes)X
1884(single)X
2117(chip)X
2291(CPU)X
2484(performance)X
2950(as:)X
875 5052(MIPS)N
1102(=)X
1174(2)X
1240(**)X
1350(\(year)X
1552(-)X
1603(1984\))X
555 5184(Therefore,)N
946(in)X
1038(1990)X
1237(we)X
1362(can)X
1507(expect)X
1760(64)X
1871(MIPS)X
2099(on)X
2210(a)X
2272(chip.)X
2491(Not)X
2646(only)X
2825(is)X
2906(this)X
3056(prognosis)X
3420(likely)X
3644(to)X
3735(happen,)X
555 5283(but)N
695(also,)X
886(machines)X
1246(built)X
1436(from)X
1634(the)X
1769(resulting)X
2105(chips)X
2317(are)X
2450(guaranteed)X
2862(to)X
2957(be)X
3066(extremely)X
3445(cheap,)X
3698(probably)X
555 5382(on)N
669(the)X
802(order)X
1012(of)X
1110($1K)X
1286(-)X
1340($4K)X
1516(per)X
1653(MIP.)X
1878(Moreover,)X
2271(nothing)X
2566(stops)X
2772(aggressive)X
3168(system)X
3438(integrators)X
3840(from)X
555 5481(coupling)N
892(such)X
1081(CPUs)X
1314(into)X
1480(shared)X
1737(memory)X
2059(multiprocessors)X
2645(to)X
2742(achieve)X
3038(very)X
3221(powerful)X
3565(multiproces-)X
555 5580(sor)N
693(machines.)X
1101(Earlier)X
1372(examples)X
1735(of)X
1838(this)X
1996(approach)X
2348(include)X
2638(the)X
2776(DEC)X
2982(62xx)X
3188(series)X
3418(of)X
3521(machines)X
3884(and)X
555 5679(the)N
692(Sequent)X
1004(Symetry.)X
1375(In)X
1476(light)X
1667(of)X
1768(these)X
1977(advances)X
2327(in)X
2424(general)X
2711(purpose)X
3017(machines,)X
3400(it)X
3478(seems)X
3721(unlikely)X
555 5778(that)N
726(a)X
802(hardware)X
1165(data)X
1349(base)X
1542(machine)X
1878(vendor)X
2159(can)X
2318(develop)X
2634(cost)X
2813(effective)X
3158(CPUs.)X
3444(Because)X
3774(such)X
3972(a)X
3 f
12 s
2235 6048(13)N

14 p
%%Page: 14 14
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(vendor)N
823(makes)X
1072(machines)X
1429(by)X
1541(the)X
1673(10s,)X
1841(he)X
1948(is)X
2031(at)X
2119(a)X
2181(signi\256cant)X
2572(disadvantage)X
3055(against)X
3328(a)X
3390(conventional)X
3869(iron)X
555 870(monger)N
853(who)X
1033(makes)X
1287(machines)X
1649(by)X
1766(the)X
1903(10,000s.)X
2252(It)X
2335(is)X
2423(generally)X
2780(agreed)X
3043(that)X
3205(a)X
3273(factor)X
3506(of)X
3607(3,)X
3701(at)X
3793(a)X
3860(bare)X
555 969(minimum,)N
946(is)X
1029(required)X
1345(in)X
1437(the)X
1568(custom)X
1846(architecture)X
2285(before)X
2532(a)X
2594(custom)X
2872(machine)X
3194(is)X
3276(feasible.)X
3617(Personally,)X
555 1068(I)N
619(don't)X
840(see)X
987(where)X
1236(to)X
1340(get)X
1483(such)X
1679(a)X
1753(number.)X
2101(As)X
2233(a)X
2306(result,)X
2558(I)X
2621(see)X
2767(hardware)X
3127(data)X
3308(base)X
3498(machines)X
3865(as)X
3972(a)X
555 1167(dif\256cult)N
857(business)X
1177(in)X
1268(the)X
1398(coming)X
1685(years.)X
3 f
12 s
555 1362(6.2.)N
747(High)X
974(Transaction)X
1494(Rate)X
1710(Systems)X
1 f
11 s
755 1494(It)N
839(is)X
928(clear)X
1129(that)X
1292(relational)X
1656(data)X
1833(base)X
2019(systems)X
2328(will)X
2496(be)X
2608(used)X
2798(for)X
2929(production)X
3340(applications)X
3796(which)X
555 1593(generally)N
917(consist)X
1196(of)X
1303(repetitive)X
1671(transactions,)X
2148(each)X
2342(of)X
2448(which)X
2696(is)X
2788(a)X
2860(collection)X
3242(of)X
3348(single-record)X
3845(SQL)X
555 1692(commands.)N
986(The)X
1150(goal)X
1329(is)X
1415(to)X
1511(do)X
1626(100,)X
1807(500,)X
1988(even)X
2181(1000)X
2384(such)X
2571(transactions)X
3018(per)X
3156(second.)X
3470(Most)X
3677(relational)X
555 1791(systems)N
869(are)X
1011(getting)X
1292(increasingly)X
1758(nimble)X
2039(and)X
2201(should)X
2471(continue)X
2810(to)X
2914(do)X
3037(so)X
3150(over)X
3341(the)X
3483(next)X
3669(couple)X
3938(of)X
555 1890(years.)N
810(Moreover,)X
1204(all)X
1319(commercial)X
1762(systems)X
2067(have)X
2259(essentially)X
2658(the)X
2792(same)X
2999(architecture,)X
3463(so)X
3567(that)X
3726(any)X
3879(tac-)X
555 1989(tic)N
671(used)X
859(by)X
974(one)X
1128(vendor)X
1399(to)X
1495(increase)X
1810(performance)X
2281(can)X
2430(be)X
2540(quickly)X
2832(copied)X
3094(by)X
3209(other)X
3417(vendors.)X
3765(Hence,)X
555 2088(the)N
689(``performance)X
1217(wars'')X
1466(tend)X
1643(to)X
1737(be)X
1845(a)X
1909(``leapfroging'')X
2456(sort)X
2613(of)X
2711(affair,)X
2948(and)X
3100(the)X
3233(current)X
3507(winner)X
3776(is)X
3860(usu-)X
555 2187(ally)N
728(the)X
876(vendor)X
1160(who)X
1351(came)X
1577(out)X
1730(with)X
1926(a)X
2004(new)X
2189(system)X
2473(most)X
2684(recently.)X
3051(Moreover,)X
3458(all)X
3586(systems)X
3904(are)X
555 2286(expected)N
890(to)X
981(converge)X
1325(to)X
1416(essentially)X
1811(the)X
1941(same)X
2144(ultimate)X
2457(performance.)X
755 2418(The)N
915(bottom)X
1189(line)X
1344(is)X
1425(that)X
3 f
1580(all)X
1 f
1696(vendors)X
1996(are)X
2125(addressing)X
2523(high)X
2702(transaction)X
3111(rate)X
3265(environment)X
3733(because)X
555 2517(that)N
716(is)X
803(where)X
1045(a)X
1112(signi\256cant)X
1508(number)X
1805(of)X
1906(customer)X
2257(applications)X
2712(reside.)X
2993(All)X
3133(will)X
3298(offer)X
3495(similar)X
3768(perfor-)X
555 2616(mance)N
810(in)X
904(this)X
1057(marketplace.)X
1557(The)X
1719(ability)X
1971(of)X
2069(any)X
2220(speci\256c)X
2513(vendor)X
2781(to)X
2874(claim)X
3095(this)X
3247(arena)X
3461(as)X
3558(his)X
3685(``turf'')X
3952(is)X
555 2715(guaranteed)N
963(to)X
1054(fail.)X
3 f
12 s
555 2910(6.3.)N
747(Main)X
990(Memory)X
1367(Data)X
1588(Bases)X
1 f
11 s
755 3042(Not)N
918(only)X
1106(are)X
1244(CPU)X
1446(prices)X
1687(per)X
1829(MIP)X
2015(plummeting,)X
2495(but)X
2638(also)X
2810(main)X
3017(memory)X
3341(prices)X
3581(are)X
3718(in)X
3817(``free)X
555 3141(fall''.)N
809(Prices)X
1058(are)X
1199(currently)X
1551(under)X
1785($500)X
1995(per)X
2141(megabyte)X
2518(in)X
2621(most)X
2827(environments)X
3341(where)X
3588(competition)X
555 3240(exists,)N
803(and)X
955(are)X
1087(continuing)X
1490(to)X
1584(drop.)X
1813(Moreover,)X
2205(the)X
2337(maximum)X
2720(amount)X
3009(of)X
3106(main)X
3307(memory)X
3625(that)X
3782(can)X
3928(be)X
555 3339(put)N
692(on)X
803(a)X
865(machine)X
1187(is)X
1269(skyrocketing)X
1747(in)X
1839(a)X
1901(commensurate)X
2438(manner.)X
2769(This)X
2949(increasingly)X
3403(allows)X
3656(a)X
3718(client)X
3938(of)X
555 3438(data)N
741(base)X
936(services)X
1258(to)X
1366(contemplate)X
1837(a)X
1915(data)X
2101(base)X
2296(entirely)X
2605(\(or)X
2746(mostly\))X
3055(resident)X
3373(in)X
3480(main)X
3695(memory.)X
555 3537(Current)N
852(DBMSs)X
1163(have)X
1357(been)X
1551(typically)X
1889(designed)X
2230(under)X
2458(the)X
2594(assumption)X
3024(that)X
3185(all)X
3302(\(or)X
3432(most\))X
3661(data)X
3836(is)X
3923(on)X
555 3636(disk.)N
777(As)X
905(a)X
975(result,)X
1224(they)X
1407(must)X
1610(be)X
1724(changed)X
2048(to)X
2148(ef\256ciently)X
2537(handle)X
2802(very)X
2988(large)X
3194(buffer)X
3438(pools,)X
3681(to)X
3780(imple-)X
555 3735(ment)N
778(hash-join)X
1152(processing)X
1574(strategies)X
1953([SHAP86],)X
2391(and)X
2564(to)X
2679(deal)X
2872(ef\256ciently)X
3275(with)X
3477(log)X
3635(processing)X
555 3834(\(which)N
821(may)X
995(be)X
1100(the)X
1230(only)X
1409(I/O)X
1548(which)X
1785(remains)X
2086(in)X
2177(this)X
2327(environment\).)X
755 3966(The)N
919(opportunity)X
1358(of)X
1458(using)X
3 f
1676(persistent)X
1 f
2069(main)X
2273(memory)X
2594(is)X
2680(also)X
2849(enticing.)X
3205(One)X
3378(idea)X
3552(would)X
3799(be)X
3909(for)X
555 4065(the)N
689(memory)X
1009(system)X
1280(to)X
1375 0.2604(automatically)AX
1883(keep)X
2075(the)X
2209(before)X
2459(and)X
2612(after)X
2799(image)X
3040(of)X
3138(any)X
3290(changed)X
3608(bits)X
3761(as)X
3859(well)X
555 4164(as)N
654(the)X
788(transaction)X
1201(identi\256er)X
1546(of)X
1644(the)X
1777(transaction)X
2189(making)X
2479(the)X
2612(change.)X
2930(If)X
3013(the)X
3146(transaction)X
3558(gets)X
3725(aborted,)X
555 4263(the)N
687(memory)X
1005(system)X
1274(can)X
1420 0.2604(automatically)AX
1926(roll)X
2072(backwards.)X
2514(Upon)X
2732(commit,)X
3048(the)X
3179(before)X
3426(image)X
3665(can)X
3810(either)X
555 4362(be)N
666(discarded)X
1031(or)X
1132(spooled)X
1434(to)X
1531(a)X
1598(safe)X
1767(place)X
1981(to)X
2078(provide)X
2375(an)X
2486(additional)X
2867(measure)X
3187(of)X
3287(security.)X
3637(With)X
3841(error)X
555 4461(correcting)N
939(codes)X
1166(and)X
1320(alternate)X
1651(power)X
1897(used)X
2085(in)X
2181(the)X
2316(memory)X
2637(system,)X
2931(this)X
3086(will)X
3251(provide)X
3547(a)X
3612(highly)X
3864(reli-)X
555 4560(able)N
727(main)X
929(memory)X
1248(transaction)X
1660(system.)X
1974(My)X
2121(speculation)X
2548(is)X
2631(that)X
2788(it)X
2862(is)X
2945(neither)X
3214(dif\256cult)X
3518(nor)X
3659(expensive)X
555 4659(to)N
646(design)X
898(such)X
1081(a)X
1142(system.)X
755 4791(Such)N
953(techniques)X
1352(will)X
1512(hopefully)X
1872(become)X
2168(part)X
2327(of)X
2422(commercial)X
2861(iron)X
3025(in)X
3116(the)X
3246(not)X
3381(to)X
3472(distant)X
3730(future.)X
3 f
12 s
555 4986(6.4.)N
747(New)X
952(Storage)X
1291(Architectures)X
1 f
11 s
755 5118(Besides)N
1069(persistent)X
1447(main)X
1663(memory,)X
2018(there)X
2233(are)X
2379(some)X
2604(other)X
2824(ideas)X
3044(that)X
3216(may)X
3407(prove)X
3646(appealing.)X
555 5217(First,)N
763(one)X
914(could)X
1133(construct)X
1479(a)X
1541(high)X
1721(speed,)X
1966(write-only)X
2356(device)X
2609(with)X
2789(arbitrary)X
3115(capacity.)X
3476(Such)X
3675(an)X
3781(``ideal)X
555 5316(logger'')N
869(could)X
1096(be)X
1210(constructed)X
1647(out)X
1791(of)X
1894(persistent)X
2262(main)X
2469(memory,)X
2815(an)X
2928(auxiliary)X
3272(processor)X
3638(and)X
3795(a)X
3864(tape)X
555 5415(drive)N
762(or)X
861(optical)X
1128(disk)X
1301(device.)X
1601(Additionally,)X
2096(the)X
2230(log)X
2369(can)X
2516(be)X
2624(substantially)X
3096(compressed)X
3536(during)X
3791(spool-)X
555 5514(ing.)N
734(The)X
893(CPU)X
1086(cycles)X
1328(for)X
1452(such)X
1635(activity)X
1923(seem)X
2126(well)X
2300(worth)X
2527(the)X
2657(bene\256t)X
2919(that)X
3074(appears)X
3364(possible.)X
755 5646(Optical)N
1041(disk)X
1214(drives)X
1455(have)X
1647(received)X
1971(considerable)X
2442(attention,)X
2800(and)X
2953(they)X
3131(may)X
3309(well)X
3486(play)X
3663(an)X
3771(impor-)X
555 5745(tant)N
715(part)X
879(in)X
975(future)X
1212(memory)X
1533(systems)X
1839(for)X
1968(data)X
2142(managers.)X
2550(Lastly,)X
2819(the)X
2953(most)X
3151(intriguing)X
3526(idea)X
3699(concerns)X
3 f
12 s
2235 6048(14)N

15 p
%%Page: 15 15
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(the)N
692 0.2898(availability)AX
1120(of)X
1222(very)X
1407(cheap)X
1640(5)X
1712(1/4'')X
1911(and)X
2066(3)X
2138(1/2'')X
2337(drives.)X
2624(Rather)X
2887(than)X
3067(using)X
3286(a)X
3353(smaller)X
3641(number)X
3938(of)X
555 870(14'')N
729(disks)X
938(\(such)X
1156(as)X
1257(the)X
1393(3380\),)X
1648(it)X
1726(seems)X
1969(plausible)X
2316(to)X
2412(construct)X
2762(a)X
2828(large)X
3031(capacity)X
3352(disk)X
3526(system)X
3798(out)X
3938(of)X
555 969(an)N
663(larger)X
893(number)X
1187(of)X
1285(small)X
1501(drives.)X
1784(It)X
1862(appears)X
2154(that)X
2311(such)X
2496(a)X
2559(disk)X
2730(system)X
2999(could)X
3219(offer)X
3413(the)X
3545(possibility)X
3938(of)X
555 1068(a)N
3 f
622(large)X
1 f
841(number)X
1138(of)X
1239(arms)X
1438(and)X
1593(modest)X
1876(\(if)X
1987(any\))X
2171(higher)X
2424(cost)X
2594(per)X
2734(bit)X
2855(compared)X
3229(to)X
3325(3380)X
3528(style)X
3722(technol-)X
555 1167(ogy.)N
756(A)X
844(step)X
1011(in)X
1104(this)X
1256(direction)X
1594(direction)X
1932(is)X
2015(the)X
2147(work)X
2351(reported)X
2668(in)X
2761([PATT88].)X
3195(Moreover,)X
3587(how)X
3762(to)X
3855(con-)X
555 1266(struct)N
783(\256le)X
928(systems)X
1239(for)X
1373(such)X
1566(devices)X
1862(is)X
1953(an)X
2068(interesting)X
2473(area)X
2651(of)X
2756(research.)X
3123(For)X
3276(instance,)X
3618(should)X
3884(one)X
555 1365(stripe)N
779(blocks)X
1037(from)X
1235(a)X
1301(single)X
1539(\256le)X
1679(across)X
1925(all)X
2041(the)X
2176(disks.)X
2428(Alternately,)X
2874(should)X
3136(one)X
3290(retain)X
3518(the)X
3653(sequential)X
555 1464(organization)N
1022(of)X
1121(most)X
1319(current)X
1594(\256le)X
1733(systems)X
2038(whereby)X
2366(a)X
2431(single)X
2668(\256le)X
2807(is)X
2892(stored)X
3132(in)X
3226(large)X
3427(extents)X
3702(on)X
3815(a)X
3879(sin-)X
555 1563(gle)N
685(drive.)X
3 f
12 s
555 1758(7.)N
675(HOW)X
945(TO)X
1108(ACHIEVE)X
1579(VENDOR)X
2018(INDEPENDENCE)X
1 f
11 s
755 1890(The)N
916(current)X
1189(software)X
1515(and)X
1666(technological)X
2166(environment)X
2636(may)X
2812(allow)X
3032(an)X
3139(astute)X
3369(client)X
3589(of)X
3685(data)X
3855(base)X
555 1989(services)N
863(to)X
957(achieve)X
1251(vendor)X
1520(independence.)X
2072(What)X
2287(follows)X
2575(is)X
2658(a)X
2721(step)X
2887(by)X
2999(step)X
3165(algorithm)X
3533(by)X
3645(which)X
3884(any)X
555 2088(user)N
729(can)X
879(achieve)X
1176(freedom)X
1497(from)X
1696(his)X
1827(current)X
2104(hardware)X
2458(vendor.)X
2774(Since)X
2998(the)X
3134(most)X
3334(common)X
3671(vendor)X
3942(to)X
555 2187(which)N
793(clients)X
1047(are)X
1177(\256rmly)X
1416(wedded)X
1712(is)X
1794(IBM,)X
2005(we)X
2130(use)X
2270(an)X
2376(IBM)X
2565(customer)X
2911(as)X
3007(an)X
3113(example)X
3435(and)X
3585(show)X
3792(in)X
3883(this)X
555 2286(section)N
833(how)X
1012(that)X
1173(client)X
1397(can)X
1546(become)X
1847(vendor)X
2118(independent.)X
2620(We)X
2769(assume)X
3055(that)X
3215(the)X
3350(hypothetical)X
3814(client)X
555 2385(begins)N
807(with)X
986(his)X
1111(data)X
1280(in)X
1371(an)X
1476(IMS)X
1654(data)X
1823(base)X
2001(and)X
2150(his)X
2275(application)X
2690(programs)X
3044(running)X
3340(within)X
3588(CICS.)X
3 f
12 s
555 2580(7.1.)N
747(Step)X
952(1:)X
1080(Get)X
1254(to)X
1358(a)X
1430(Relational)X
1876(Environment)X
1 f
11 s
755 2712(The)N
922(\256rst)X
1089(step)X
1261(is)X
1350(for)X
1482(the)X
1620(client)X
1846(to)X
1944(replace)X
2227(his)X
2359(data)X
2535(manager)X
2867(with)X
3053(a)X
3121(relational)X
3484(DBMS.)X
3806(Many)X
555 2811(companies)N
960(are)X
1095(already)X
1382(considering)X
1821(exactly)X
2104(this)X
2259(sort)X
2418(of)X
2518(migration,)X
2911(and)X
3065(there)X
3268(are)X
3402(several)X
3678(strategies)X
555 2910(available)N
899(to)X
993(accomplish)X
1420(this)X
1573(step.)X
1784(In)X
1882(this)X
2035(subsection)X
2432(we)X
2559(discuss)X
2838(one)X
2990(possible)X
3303(approach.)X
3693(Consider)X
555 3009(the)N
689(purchase)X
1027(of)X
1126(a)X
1191(distributed)X
1595(data)X
1768(base)X
1950(system)X
2221(that)X
2380(allows)X
2636(data)X
2809(in)X
2904(local)X
3102(data)X
3275(bases)X
3491(to)X
3585(be)X
3693(managed)X
555 3108(by)N
679(a)X
754(variety)X
1035(of)X
1144(local)X
1352(data)X
1535(managers.)X
1952(Such)X
2164(``open)X
2428(architecture'')X
2937(distributed)X
3350(data)X
3532(managers)X
3904(are)X
555 3207(available)N
902(at)X
994(least)X
1184(from)X
1383(Relational)X
1775(Technology)X
2224(and)X
2379(Oracle)X
2641(and)X
2795(without)X
3092(doubt,)X
3342(will)X
3507(soon)X
3700(be)X
3810(avail-)X
555 3306(able)N
742(from)X
953(others.)X
1252(Consequently,)X
1798(the)X
1945(example)X
2283(client)X
2519(should)X
2793(consider)X
3130(purchasing)X
3555(a)X
3633(distributed)X
555 3405(DBMS)N
827(that)X
983(manages)X
1314(local)X
1509(data)X
1679(within)X
1928(both)X
2108(IMS)X
2287(and)X
2437(the)X
2567(target)X
2790(relational)X
3146(data)X
3315(manager.)X
3684(With)X
3883(this)X
555 3504(software,)N
903(he)X
1010(can)X
1156(recode)X
1414(his)X
1541(old)X
1678(application)X
2095(programs)X
2451(one)X
2601(by)X
2712(one)X
2862(from)X
3056(IMS)X
3235(to)X
3327(his)X
3453(target)X
3677(relational)X
555 3603(DBMS.)N
872(At)X
984(any)X
1135(point)X
1341(in)X
1434(time,)X
1638(he)X
1745(has)X
1886(some)X
2096(old)X
2233(and)X
2384(some)X
2594(new)X
2764(programs.)X
3163(The)X
3323(old)X
3459(ones)X
3643(can)X
3788(be)X
3894(run)X
555 3702(directly)N
857(against)X
1139(IMS,)X
1349(while)X
1577(the)X
1717(new)X
1895(ones)X
2088(can)X
2242(be)X
2357(run)X
2506(through)X
2812(the)X
2952(distributed)X
3362(DBMS.)X
3687(After)X
3903(the)X
555 3801(entire)N
794(application)X
1225(has)X
1380(been)X
1584(recoded)X
1900(to)X
2007(make)X
2235(SQL)X
2438(calls,)X
2659(he)X
2779(can)X
2938(discard)X
3229(the)X
3374(distributed)X
3789(DBM,)X
555 3900(move)N
774(the)X
905(data)X
1075(from)X
1269(IMS)X
1448(to)X
1540(the)X
1671(target)X
1895(DBMS)X
2167(and)X
2317(then)X
2492(run)X
2632(his)X
2758(programs)X
3113(directly)X
3406(against)X
3679(the)X
3810(target)X
555 3999(DBMS.)N
755 4131(Hence,)N
1027(a)X
1092(client)X
1315(can)X
1463(obtain)X
1710(a)X
1775(distributed)X
2179(DBMS)X
2454(and)X
2606(then)X
2783(slowly)X
3043(migrate)X
3338(his)X
3466(application)X
3884(and)X
555 4230(data)N
727(bases)X
942(from)X
1138(IMS)X
1319(to)X
1413(the)X
1546(target)X
1772(environment.)X
2264(This)X
2445(code)X
2635(and)X
2786(data)X
2957(conversion)X
3367(can)X
3513(be)X
3620(done)X
3815(at)X
3903(the)X
555 4329(client's)N
844(leisure)X
1107(over)X
1291(a)X
1358(number)X
1655(of)X
1756(years)X
1969(\(or)X
2099(even)X
2293(decades\).)X
2672(At)X
2788(some)X
3002(point)X
3212(he)X
3323(will)X
3489(\256nish)X
3713(this)X
3869(step)X
555 4428(and)N
704(have)X
892(all)X
1003(his)X
1128(data)X
1297(in)X
1388(a)X
1449(modern)X
1740(DBMS.)X
3 f
12 s
555 4623(7.2.)N
747(Step)X
952(2:)X
1080(Buy)X
1269(Workstations)X
1 f
11 s
755 4755(It)N
841(is)X
932(inevitable)X
1313(that)X
1477(all)X
1597(``glass)X
1862(teletype'')X
2231(terminals)X
2591(will)X
2760(be)X
2874(replaced)X
3203(by)X
3322(workstations)X
3803(in)X
3903(the)X
555 4854(near)N
732(future.)X
1012(Hence,)X
1284(3270-style)X
1681(terminals)X
2035(are)X
2167(guaranteed)X
2578(to)X
2672(become)X
2971(antiques)X
3290(and)X
3442(will)X
3605(be)X
3713(replaced)X
555 4953(by)N
670(new)X
843(devices)X
1134(which)X
1376(will)X
1541(be)X
1651(Vaxstation)X
2060(3000,)X
2285(Sun)X
2449(3,)X
2542(PC/RT,)X
2837(Apollo,)X
3131(Macintosh,)X
3551(or)X
3650(PS)X
3774(2)X
3844(style)X
555 5052(machines.)N
954(Clients)X
1227(will)X
1387(replace)X
1663(their)X
1847(glass)X
2045(teletypes)X
2381(with)X
2560(workstations)X
3032(for)X
3156(two)X
3310(reasons:)X
875 5184(1\))N
970(to)X
1061(get)X
1191(a)X
1252(better)X
1475(human)X
1737(interface)X
875 5283(2\))N
970(cost)X
555 5415(It)N
636(is)X
722(obvious)X
1028(to)X
1124(everybody)X
1522(that)X
1682(bitmap-mouse-window)X
2526(environments)X
3033(are)X
3167(much)X
3390(easier)X
3621(to)X
3716(use)X
3859(than)X
555 5514(3270)N
757(style)X
950(systems.)X
1299(For)X
1447(example,)X
1794(a)X
1858(user)X
2029(can)X
2176(have)X
2367(multiple)X
2688(windows)X
3030(on)X
3143(the)X
3276(screen)X
3525(and)X
3677(his)X
3805(appli-)X
555 5613(cation)N
799(can)X
949(take)X
1124(as)X
1225(many)X
1449(interrupts)X
1815(as)X
1916(needed)X
2193(since)X
2402(a)X
2469(local)X
2669(CPU)X
2868(is)X
2955(being)X
3179(used.)X
3412(There)X
3644(is)X
3730(no)X
3845(need)X
555 5712(for)N
693(the)X
837(cumbersome)X
1323(``type)X
1569(to)X
1673(the)X
1816(bottom)X
2102(of)X
2210(the)X
2353(screen)X
2612(and)X
2774(then)X
2961(hit)X
3090(enter'')X
3359(interfaces)X
3736(that)X
3904(are)X
3 f
12 s
2235 6048(15)N

16 p
%%Page: 16 16
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(popular)N
857(with)X
1047(3270s.)X
1334(Already,)X
1672(knowledge)X
2091(workers)X
2406(\(e.g,)X
2595(stock)X
2814(traders,)X
3108(engineers,)X
3500(computer)X
3865(pro-)X
555 870(grammers\))N
967(are)X
1105(being)X
1332(given)X
1559(workstations.)X
2084(Later,)X
2323(data)X
2501(workers)X
2814(\(e.g,)X
3001(clerks,)X
3264(secretaries,)X
3688(etc.\))X
3873(will)X
555 969(also)N
728(get)X
867(workstations.)X
1392(The)X
1560(basic)X
1772(tradeoff)X
2080(is)X
2169(that)X
2332(a)X
2401(workstation)X
2847(translates)X
3210(into)X
3378(some)X
3594(quanti\256able)X
555 1068(improvement)N
1053(in)X
1149(employee)X
1519(productivity.)X
2022(The)X
2186(cost,)X
2377(of)X
2477(course,)X
2755(is)X
2841(the)X
2975(purchase)X
3313(and)X
3466(maintenance)X
3938(of)X
555 1167(the)N
693(workstation.)X
1183(This)X
1369(tradeoff)X
1676(will)X
1843(be)X
1955(made)X
2175(in)X
2273(favor)X
2487(of)X
2589(workstations)X
3068(for)X
3199(high)X
3385(priced)X
3634(employees)X
555 1266(and)N
711(not)X
853(for)X
984(lower)X
1213(paid)X
1393(ones.)X
1626(Over)X
1829(time,)X
2037(as)X
2138(workstations)X
2616(continue)X
2948(to)X
3045(fall)X
3191(in)X
3288(price,)X
3514(it)X
3592(will)X
3758(be)X
3869(cost)X
555 1365(effective)N
885(to)X
976(give)X
1150(one)X
1299(to)X
1390(virtually)X
1712(everybody.)X
755 1497(The)N
918(second)X
1188(reason)X
1443(to)X
1538(give)X
1716(employees)X
2119(a)X
2183(workstation)X
2624(is)X
2708(that)X
2866(it)X
2941(enables)X
3230(one)X
3382(to)X
3476(move)X
3697(an)X
3805(appli-)X
555 1596(cation)N
803(program)X
1133(from)X
1336(a)X
1407(mainframe)X
1821(\(a)X
1920(370)X
2083(in)X
2183(our)X
2331(example\))X
2690(which)X
2936(costs)X
3143(more)X
3355(than)X
3538($100,000)X
3899(per)X
555 1695(MIP)N
751(to)X
860(a)X
938(workstation)X
1393(which)X
1647(costs)X
1862(perhaps)X
2174($1000)X
2433(per)X
2584(MIP.)X
2823(The)X
2999(overall)X
3283(cost)X
3464(savings)X
3767(can)X
3928(be)X
555 1794(staggering.)N
997(Hence,)X
1274(over)X
1461(the)X
1600(next)X
1783(decade)X
2058(I)X
2118(expect)X
2379(workstations)X
2860(to)X
2960(essentially)X
3364(replace)X
3648(glass)X
3854(tele-)X
555 1893(types)N
763(completely.)X
755 2025(Whether)N
1095(one)X
1259(chooses)X
1574(to)X
1680(move)X
1913(to)X
2019(workstations)X
2506(for)X
2645(human)X
2922(interface)X
3267(reasons)X
3567(or)X
3677(cost)X
3855(con-)X
555 2124(siderations)N
969(does)X
1162(not)X
1307(matter.)X
1609(To)X
1739(take)X
1918(advantage)X
2307(of)X
2412(either,)X
2667(one)X
2825(must)X
3028(move)X
3255(application)X
3679(programs)X
555 2223(from)N
752(a)X
817(370)X
975(to)X
1070(a)X
1135(workstation.)X
1621(Moreover,)X
2015(the)X
2149(only)X
2332(sensible)X
2642(way)X
2814(to)X
2909(do)X
3023(this)X
3176(is)X
3260(to)X
3354(rewrite)X
3628(them)X
3830(com-)X
555 2322(pletely)N
819(to)X
911(change)X
1183(from)X
1377(a)X
1439(``type)X
1672(to)X
1764(the)X
1895(bottom)X
2169(of)X
2265(the)X
2396(screen'')X
2701(to)X
2792(a)X
2853(``menu-mouse-bitmap-window'')X
555 2421(style)N
752(interface.)X
1134(During)X
1413(this)X
1571(rewrite,)X
1872(one)X
2029(must)X
2231(also)X
2403(move)X
2628(the)X
2765(program)X
3092(from)X
3292(CICS)X
3517(to)X
3615(some)X
3830(other)X
555 2520(programming)N
1057(environment)X
1525(\(e.g.)X
1725(Unix,)X
1945(OS)X
2079(2\))X
2174(This)X
2353(leads)X
2556(to)X
2647(step)X
2811(3.)X
3 f
12 s
555 2715(7.3.)N
747(Step)X
952(3:)X
1056(Rewrite)X
1406(Application)X
1910(Programs)X
1 f
11 s
755 2847(Whatever)N
1128(the)X
1267(reason)X
1527(chosen,)X
1824(clients)X
2086(must)X
2289(migrate)X
2590(application)X
3014(programs)X
3377(from)X
3578(CICS)X
3804(to)X
3903(the)X
555 2946(workstation.)N
1039(Of)X
1155(course,)X
1430(a)X
1493(client)X
1714(can)X
1860(run)X
2001(a)X
2064(window)X
2371(on)X
2482(a)X
2544(workstation)X
2983(that)X
3139(is)X
3221(simply)X
3485(a)X
3547(3270)X
3746(simula-)X
555 3045(tor)N
691(connected)X
1086(to)X
1193(CICS.)X
1471(In)X
1582(this)X
1748(way,)X
1954(a)X
2031(client)X
2266(can)X
2426(slowly)X
2699(migrate)X
3007(his)X
3148(applications)X
3613(to)X
3720(the)X
3865(new)X
555 3144(environment)N
1037(while)X
1269(the)X
1413(old)X
1562(ones)X
1759(continue)X
2099(to)X
2204(run)X
2357(in)X
2462(CICS)X
2694(through)X
3004(workstation)X
3455(simulation)X
3864(of)X
3972(a)X
555 3243(glass)N
756(teletype)X
1061(interface.)X
1460(At)X
1573(some)X
1784(point,)X
2013(all)X
2126(CICS)X
2346(applications)X
2797(will)X
2959(have)X
3149(been)X
3339(rewritten,)X
3703(and)X
3854(only)X
555 3342(a)N
630(relational)X
1000(DBMS)X
1285(remains)X
1600(running)X
1910(on)X
2034(the)X
2177(370)X
2344(machine.)X
2722(Of)X
2849(course,)X
3135(this)X
3298(migration)X
3677(may)X
3864(take)X
555 3441(years)N
783(\(or)X
927(even)X
1135(decades\).)X
1528(However)X
1891(a)X
1972(persistent)X
2352(client)X
2591(can)X
2755(move)X
2993(at)X
3099(a)X
3180(rate)X
3354(appropriate)X
3797(to)X
3908(his)X
555 3540(resources.)N
952(This)X
1131(will)X
1291(lead)X
1460 0.3611(ultimately)AX
1842(to)X
1933(step)X
2097(4.)X
3 f
12 s
555 3735(7.4.)N
747(Step)X
952(4:)X
1056(Move)X
1310(to)X
1414(a)X
1486(Server)X
1783(Philosophy)X
1 f
11 s
755 3867(At)N
874(this)X
1033(point)X
1246(the)X
1385(example)X
1715(client)X
1943(has)X
2091(application)X
2515(programs)X
2878(running)X
3182(on)X
3300(a)X
3369(workstation)X
3815(and)X
3972(a)X
555 3966(relational)N
920(data)X
1098(base)X
1284(system)X
1559(running)X
1863(on)X
1981(a)X
2050(shared)X
2309(host.)X
2530(These)X
2770(machines)X
3133(communicate)X
3639(over)X
3825(some)X
555 4065(sort)N
711(of)X
808(networking)X
1233(system.)X
1546(Moreover,)X
1938(the)X
2070(applications)X
2521(send)X
2706(SQL)X
2896(commands)X
3301(over)X
3480(this)X
3631(network)X
3942(to)X
555 4164(the)N
690(shared)X
946(host)X
1120(and)X
1274(receive)X
1555(answers)X
1863(or)X
1962(status)X
2189(back.)X
2425(In)X
2524(this)X
2678(environment,)X
3172(one)X
3325(should)X
3586(move)X
3808(to)X
3903(the)X
555 4263(following)N
920(thinking:)X
875 4395(workstations)N
1347(are)X
1476(application)X
1891(servers)X
875 4494(shared)N
1126(hosts)X
1329(are)X
1458(SQL)X
1646(servers)X
555 4626(Moreover,)N
948(SQL)X
1139(servers)X
1412(should)X
1672(be)X
1780(thought)X
2075(of)X
2173(as)X
2271(a)X
2335(commodity)X
2763(product.)X
3100(To)X
3222(the)X
3354(extent)X
3594(that)X
3751(a)X
3814(client)X
555 4725(remains)N
873(within)X
1138(the)X
1285(standard)X
1622(SQL)X
1827(de\256ned)X
2125(by)X
2252(ANSI,)X
2516(it)X
2604(should)X
2877(be)X
2998(possible)X
3325(to)X
3432(replace)X
3724(an)X
3845(SQL)X
555 4824(servers)N
833(built)X
1026(by)X
1144(one)X
1301(vendor)X
1575(\(in)X
1703(this)X
1860(case)X
2040(IBM\))X
2264(with)X
2450(an)X
2562(SQL)X
2757(server)X
3000(bought)X
3274(from)X
3474(another)X
3767(vendor)X
555 4923(\(say)N
731(DEC\))X
966(or)X
1069(even)X
1265(by)X
1383(a)X
1452(collection)X
1831(of)X
1934(servers)X
2212(running)X
2516(a)X
2585(distributed)X
2993(data)X
3170(base)X
3356(system)X
3631(\(say)X
3806(a)X
3874(net-)X
555 5022(work)N
762(of)X
862(Suns\).)X
1133(Vendor)X
1423(independence)X
1933(has)X
2076(been)X
2268(facilitated)X
2648(since)X
2855(it)X
2931(is)X
3016(now)X
3193(fairly)X
3410(easy)X
3592(to)X
3687(buy)X
3845(SQL)X
555 5121(cycles)N
802(from)X
1000(the)X
1134(vendor)X
1404(who)X
1581(offers)X
1811(the)X
1945(best)X
2113(package)X
2427(of)X
2526(price/performance/)X
3222(reliability.)X
3637(If)X
3721(the)X
3855(ven-)X
555 5220(dor)N
696(of)X
793(choice)X
1047(fails)X
1223(to)X
1316(remain)X
1585(on)X
1697(the)X
1829(performance)X
2297(curve)X
2516(compared)X
2886(to)X
2978(his)X
3104(competitors,)X
3566(there)X
3765(is)X
3847(little)X
555 5319(dif\256culty)N
906(in)X
1002(unhooking)X
1406(that)X
1566(vendor's)X
1900(machine)X
2226(and)X
2380(replacing)X
2734(it)X
2810(with)X
2993(one)X
3146(built)X
3335(by)X
3449(one)X
3602(of)X
3701(his)X
3830(com-)X
555 5418(petitors)N
842(which)X
1079(offers)X
1305(superior)X
1615(cost)X
1779(effectiveness.)X
755 5550(Similarly,)N
1132(one)X
1284(should)X
1544(think)X
1751(of)X
1849(workstations)X
2324(as)X
2421(application)X
2838(servers.)X
3132(If)X
3214(one)X
3365(is)X
3448(careful,)X
3738(one)X
3889(can)X
555 5649(write)N
767(applications)X
1225(which)X
1471(run)X
1619(on)X
1738(a)X
1807(variety)X
2082(of)X
2185(workstations.)X
2709(If)X
2797(the)X
2935(current)X
3214(vendor)X
3488(ceases)X
3742(to)X
3841(offer)X
555 5748(price)N
756(competitive)X
1199(iron,)X
1388(the)X
1521(client)X
1743(can)X
1890(simply)X
2156(replace)X
2435(his)X
2563(workstations)X
3038(by)X
3151(those)X
3361(built)X
3548(by)X
3660(one)X
3811(of)X
3908(his)X
3 f
12 s
2235 6048(16)N

17 p
%%Page: 17 17
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(competitors.)N
1038(In)X
1133(this)X
1283(way)X
3 f
1451(iron)X
1630(independence)X
1 f
2166(is)X
2247(achieved.)X
3 f
12 s
555 966(7.5.)N
747(Summary)X
1 f
11 s
755 1098(During)N
1026(these)X
1229(four)X
1397(steps,)X
1617(a)X
1678(client)X
1897(will)X
2057(choose)X
2323(at)X
2409(least)X
2593(the)X
2723(following:)X
875 1230(a)N
936(relational)X
1292(DBMS)X
875 1329(a)N
936(workstation)X
1374(Operating)X
1748(System)X
875 1428(a)N
936(window)X
1241(manager)X
875 1527(networking)N
1298(hardware)X
1646(and)X
1795(software)X
875 1626(an)N
980(application)X
1395(programming)X
1897(language)X
555 1758(An)N
684(IBM)X
872(customer)X
1217(will,)X
1399(of)X
1494(course,)X
1767(be)X
1872(guided)X
2134(by)X
2244(his)X
2369(IBM)X
2557(salesman)X
2902(to)X
2993(choose)X
3259(the)X
3389(following:)X
875 1890(relational)N
1231(DBMS:)X
1549(DB)X
1693(2)X
1759(plus)X
1928(the)X
2058(DBMS)X
2329(in)X
2420(the)X
2550(extended)X
2890(edition)X
3158(of)X
3253(OS)X
3387(2)X
875 1989(workstation)N
1313(OS:)X
1516(OS)X
1650(2)X
875 2088(window)N
1180(manager:)X
1574(IBM)X
1762(Presentation)X
2220(Manager)X
875 2187(networking)N
1298(software:)X
1647(SNA)X
875 2286(application)N
1290(programming)X
1792(language:)X
2157(COBOL)X
2477(\(?\))X
555 2418(In)N
656(addition,)X
996(he)X
1107(will)X
1273(be)X
1384(sold)X
1559(on)X
1675(the)X
1811(virtues)X
2079(of)X
2180(SAA)X
2383(as)X
2484(part)X
2649(of)X
2750(his)X
2881(solution.)X
3238(If)X
3324(the)X
3460(client)X
3685(moves)X
3942(in)X
555 2517(this)N
714(direction,)X
1081(he)X
1195(will)X
1364(achieve)X
1663(iron)X
1835(independence)X
2349(to)X
2448(at)X
2542(least)X
2734(some)X
2950(degree.)X
3258(He)X
3390(can)X
3542(buy)X
3704(worksta-)X
555 2616(tions)N
764(from)X
972(any)X
1136(of)X
1246(the)X
1391(clone)X
1619(manufacturers)X
2159(and)X
2323(can)X
2482(use)X
2636(SQL)X
2839(services)X
3159(that)X
3329(run)X
3483(on)X
3608(the)X
3752(various)X
555 2715(instantiations)N
1049(of)X
1144(IBM)X
1332(iron)X
1496(\(e.g,)X
1674(PS)X
1794(2,)X
1882(AS)X
2016(400,)X
2192(370,)X
2368(etc.\).)X
755 2847(However,)N
1120(the)X
1250(client)X
1469(can)X
1613(also)X
1777(make)X
1990(an)X
2095(alternate)X
2421(collection)X
2792(of)X
2887(choices:)X
875 2979(relational)N
1231(DBMS:)X
1549(one)X
1698(from)X
1891(an)X
1996(independent)X
2449(vendor)X
875 3078(workstation)N
1313(OS:)X
1516(Unix)X
875 3177(window)N
1180(manager:)X
1574(X)X
1659(Window)X
1984(System)X
875 3276(networking)N
1298(software:)X
1647(TCP/IP)X
875 3375(application)N
1290(programming)X
1792(language:)X
2157(4GL)X
2340(from)X
2533(an)X
2638(independent)X
3091(vendor)X
555 3507(With)N
758(these)X
965(choices)X
1255(he)X
1364(can)X
1512(be)X
1620(assured)X
1908(of)X
2006(buying)X
2276(application)X
2694(servers)X
2967(and)X
3119(data)X
3291(servers)X
3564(from)X
3760(at)X
3849(least)X
555 3606(the)N
707(following)X
1094(companies:)X
1562(DEC,)X
1804(DG,)X
1996(IBM,)X
2227(HP,)X
2404(Sun,)X
2606(Apollo,)X
2916(ICL,)X
3123(Bull,)X
3341(Siemans,)X
3705(Sequent,)X
555 3705(Pyramid,)N
898(Gould,)X
1162(and)X
1311(the)X
1441(clone)X
1654(makers.)X
755 3837(This)N
935(section)X
1208(has)X
1348(pointed)X
1636(out)X
1772(a)X
1834(path)X
2009(by)X
2120(which)X
2358(one)X
2508(may)X
2683(obtain)X
2927(iron)X
3091(independence.)X
3641(Along)X
3883(this)X
555 3936(path,)N
754(a)X
818(collection)X
1191(of)X
1288(options)X
1572(must)X
1768(be)X
1875(chosen.)X
2187(These)X
2421(can)X
2567(be)X
2674(the)X
2806(ones)X
2991(suggested)X
3362(by)X
3474(the)X
3606(salesperson)X
555 4035(of)N
652(a)X
715(particular)X
1077(hardware)X
1427(vendor)X
1695(or)X
1792(the)X
1924(set)X
2046(that)X
2203(will)X
2365(maximize)X
2738(iron)X
2904(independence.)X
3456(This)X
3636(choice)X
3889(can)X
555 4134(be)N
660(made)X
873(by)X
983(each)X
1166(client.)X
3 f
12 s
555 4329(7.6.)N
747(Standards)X
1191(Revisited)X
1 f
11 s
755 4461(We)N
903(close)X
1110(this)X
1264(paper)X
1485(with)X
1668(some)X
1880(comments)X
2269(on)X
2382(what)X
2578(can)X
2725(be)X
2833(done)X
3029(to)X
3123(assist)X
3339(a)X
3403(user)X
3574(in)X
3668(achieving)X
555 4560(vendor)N
826(independence.)X
1381(Clearly,)X
1690(a)X
1756(user)X
1929(can)X
2078(buy)X
2237(an)X
2346(open)X
2543(architecture)X
2985(distributed)X
3389(data)X
3562(base)X
3744(system.)X
555 4659(In)N
664(this)X
828(scenario)X
1157(the)X
1300(client)X
1532(will)X
1705(have)X
1906(available)X
2260(the)X
2403(extended)X
2756(SQL)X
2957(implemented)X
3454(by)X
3577(that)X
3745(vendor.)X
555 4758(Statements)N
981(in)X
1088(extended)X
1444(SQL)X
1648(will)X
1823(run)X
1977(on)X
2102(a)X
2178(local)X
2387(data)X
2571(base)X
2764(that)X
2934(is)X
3030(managed)X
3385(by)X
3510(the)X
3655(local)X
3864(data)X
555 4857(manager)N
906(provided)X
1267(by)X
1403(the)X
1559(vendor.)X
1895(Standard)X
2256(SQL)X
2470(will)X
2655(be)X
2785(executable)X
3209(on)X
3344(foreign)X
3645(local)X
3864(data)X
555 4956(managers.)N
966(Such)X
1172(distributed)X
1580(data)X
1757(base)X
1943(software)X
2275(will)X
2442(provide)X
2740(a)X
2808(seamless)X
3150(interface)X
3487(that)X
3649(hides)X
3864(data)X
555 5055(location)N
873(and)X
1033(allows)X
1296(data)X
1476(to)X
1578(be)X
1694(moved)X
1967(at)X
2064(will)X
2235(as)X
2341(business)X
2672(conditions)X
3073(change)X
3355(without)X
3657(impacting)X
555 5154(application)N
970(programs.)X
755 5286(A)N
841(second)X
1108(possibility)X
1500(is)X
1582(that)X
1738(a)X
1800(user)X
1968(will)X
2128(remain)X
2395(within)X
2643(standard)X
2963(SQL)X
3151(and)X
3300(build)X
3504(location)X
3811(infor-)X
555 5385(mation)N
827(into)X
991(his)X
1120(application)X
1539(programs.)X
1941(In)X
2040(this)X
2193(way,)X
2386(he)X
2494(will)X
2657(expect)X
2912(to)X
3006(send)X
3192(SQL)X
3383(commands)X
3790(onto)X
3972(a)X
555 5484(network)N
874(for)X
1007(remote)X
1283(processing)X
1690(by)X
1809(some)X
2026(server.)X
2315(The)X
2483(server)X
2728(must)X
2931(accept)X
3187(the)X
3325(remote)X
3600(request)X
3884(and)X
555 5583(send)N
744(back)X
938(a)X
1005(reply.)X
1258(To)X
1384(facilitate)X
1722(being)X
1946(able)X
2121(to)X
2218(replace)X
2500(one)X
2655(server)X
2897(by)X
3013(a)X
3080(different)X
3411(one,)X
3588(it)X
3665(is)X
3 f
3751(crucial)X
1 f
555 5682(that)N
717(a)X
785(standard)X
1112(format)X
1376(for)X
1507(communication)X
2086(of)X
2187(SQL)X
2381(commands)X
2791(and)X
2946(the)X
3082(resulting)X
3419(responses)X
3788(over)X
3972(a)X
555 5781(network)N
875(be)X
990(developed.)X
1428(Standardization)X
2014(of)X
2119(remote)X
2396(data)X
2575(base)X
2763(access)X
3019(\(RDA\))X
3294(is)X
3385(being)X
3613(pursued)X
3923(by)X
3 f
12 s
2235 6048(17)N

18 p
%%Page: 18 18
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771(ISO)N
726(but)X
869(appears)X
1167(not)X
1310(to)X
1409(be)X
1522(an)X
1635(important)X
2009(ANSI)X
2243(activity.)X
2583(In)X
2686(my)X
2829(opinion,)X
3151(remote)X
3426(data)X
3602(base)X
3787(access)X
555 870(will)N
738(be)X
866(more)X
1092(important)X
1481(than)X
1678(local)X
1894(data)X
2085(base)X
2285(access)X
2553(from)X
2768(an)X
2895(application)X
3332(program.)X
3718(I)X
3791(would)X
555 969(encourage)N
938(standards)X
1292(organizations)X
1789(to)X
1880(budget)X
2142(their)X
2326(resources)X
2679(accordingly.)X
3 f
1987 1167(REFERENCES)N
1 f
555 1299([BANE87])N
1435(Banerjee,)X
1803(J.)X
1892(et.)X
2011(al.,)X
2151(``Semantics)X
2604(and)X
2763(Implementation)X
3355(of)X
3460(Schema)X
3771(Evolu-)X
1435 1398(tion)N
1598(in)X
1692(Object-oriented)X
2270(Databases,'')X
2731(Proc.)X
2939(1987)X
3140(ACM-SIGMOD)X
3738(Confer-)X
1435 1497(ence)N
1618(on)X
1728(Management)X
2210(of)X
2305(Data,)X
2515(San)X
2669(Francisco,)X
3055(Ca.,)X
3219(May)X
3402(1987.)X
555 1629([BANC86])N
1435(Bancilhon,)X
1860(F.)X
1971(and)X
2138(Ramakrishnan,)X
2709(R.,)X
2852(``An)X
3057(Amateur's)X
3467(Introduction)X
3942(to)X
1435 1728(Recursive)N
1831(Query)X
2094(Processing)X
2519(Strategies,'')X
2991(Proc.)X
3218(1986)X
3437(ACM-SIGMOD)X
1435 1827(Conference)N
1862(on)X
1972(Management)X
2454(of)X
2549(Data,)X
2759(Washington,)X
3229(D.C.,)X
3439(May)X
3622(1986.)X
555 1959([BERN81])N
1435(Bernstein,)X
1819(P.)X
1914(and)X
2065(Goodman,)X
2458(N.,)X
2589(``Concurrency)X
3125(Control)X
3418(in)X
3510(Database)X
3855(Sys-)X
1435 2058(tems,'')N
1704(Computing)X
2124(Surveys,)X
2451(June)X
2634(1981.)X
555 2190([BUNE86])N
1435(Buneman,)X
1830(P.)X
1936(and)X
2098(Atkinson,)X
2478(M.,)X
2634(``Inheritance)X
3122(and)X
3283(Persistence)X
3713(in)X
3816(Data-)X
1435 2289(base)N
1614(Programming)X
2122(Languages,'')X
2606(Proc.)X
2812(1986)X
3010(ACM-SIGMOD)X
3606(Conference)X
1435 2388(on)N
1545(Management)X
2027(of)X
2122(Data,)X
2332(Washington,)X
2802(D.C.,)X
3012(May)X
3195(1986.)X
555 2520([CARE86])N
1435(Carey,)X
1721(M.,)X
1897(et.)X
2037(al.,)X
2199(``The)X
2448(Architecture)X
2942(of)X
3069(the)X
3230(EXODUS)X
3638(Extensible)X
1435 2619(DBMS,'')N
1809(Proc.)X
2036(International)X
2531(Workshop)X
2941(on)X
3073(Object-Oriented)X
3689(Database)X
1435 2718(Systems,)N
1773(Paci\256c)X
2035(Grove,)X
2298(Ca.,)X
2462(September)X
2861(1986.)X
555 2850([DADA86])N
1435(Dadams,)X
1782(P.)X
1890(et.)X
2013(al.,)X
2158(``A)X
2316(DBMS)X
2602(Prototype)X
2982(to)X
3088(Support)X
3404(NF2)X
3597(Relations,'')X
1435 2949(Proc.)N
1663(1986)X
1862(ACM-SIGMOD)X
2458(Conference)X
2885(on)X
2995(Management)X
3477(of)X
3572(Data,)X
3782(Wash-)X
1435 3048(ington,)N
1705(D.C.,)X
1915(May)X
2098(1986.)X
555 3180([DATE85])N
1435(Date,)X
1645(C.,)X
1770(``A)X
1913(Critique)X
2225(of)X
2320(SQL,'')X
2588(SIGMOD)X
2955(Record,)X
3253(January,)X
3570(1985.)X
555 3312([DAVI85])N
1435(Davidson,)X
1818(S.)X
1913(et.)X
2023(al.,)X
2154(``Consistency)X
2666(in)X
2758(Partitioned)X
3169(Networks,'')X
3613(Computing)X
1435 3411(Surveys,)N
1762(Sept.)X
1963(1985.)X
555 3543([FISH87])N
1435(Fishman,)X
1800(D.)X
1924(et.)X
2049(al.,)X
2196(``Iris:)X
2435(An)X
2581(Object-Oriented)X
3191(Database)X
3551(Management)X
1435 3642(System,'')N
1797(ACM-TOOIS,)X
2328(January,)X
2645(1987.)X
555 3774([GUTM84])N
1435(Gutman,)X
1775(A.,)X
1916(``R-trees:)X
2287(A)X
2384(Dynamic)X
2740(Index)X
2973(Structure)X
3329(for)X
3464(Spatial)X
3743(Search-)X
1435 3873(ing,'')N
1658(Proc.)X
1871(1984)X
2077(ACM-SIGMOD)X
2681(Conference)X
3115(on)X
3232(Management)X
3721(of)X
3823(Data,)X
1435 3972(Boston,)N
1729(Mass.)X
1980(June)X
2163(1984.)X
555 4104([IOAN87])N
1435(Ioannidis,)X
1820(Y.)X
1939(and)X
2100(Wong,)X
2371(E.,)X
2503(``Query)X
2814(Optimization)X
3315(Through)X
3652(Simulated)X
1435 4203(Annealing,'')N
1907(Proc.)X
2115(1987)X
2315(ACM-SIGMOD)X
2913(Conference)X
3342(on)X
3454(Management)X
3938(of)X
1435 4302(Data,)N
1645(San)X
1799(Francisco,)X
2185(Ca.,)X
2349(May)X
2532(1987.)X
555 4434([KUMA88])N
1435(Kumar,)X
1770(A.)X
1923(and)X
2118(Stonebraker,)X
2633(M.,)X
2823(``Semantics)X
3312(Based)X
3595(Transaction)X
1435 4533(Management)N
1952(Techniques)X
2415(for)X
2574(Replicated)X
3009(Data,'')X
3311(Proc.)X
3550(1988)X
3782(ACM-)X
1435 4632(SIGMOD)N
1802(Conference)X
2229(on)X
2339(Management)X
2821(of)X
2916(Data,)X
3126(Chicago,)X
3464(Il.,)X
3584(June)X
3767(1988.)X
555 4764([LIND87])N
1435(Lindsay,)X
1765(B.,)X
1892(``A)X
2037(Data)X
2227(Management)X
2710(Extension)X
3086(Architecture,'')X
3629(Proc.)X
3835(1987)X
1435 4863(ACM-SIGMOD)N
2051(Conference)X
2498(on)X
2628(Management)X
3130(of)X
3245(Data,)X
3474(San)X
3647(Francisco,)X
1435 4962(Ca.,)N
1599(May)X
1782(1987.)X
555 5094([PATT88])N
1435(Patterson,)X
1829(D.)X
1958(et.)X
2088(al.,)X
2240(``A)X
2405(Case)X
2619(for)X
2764(Redundant)X
3189(Arrays)X
3470(of)X
3586(Inexpensive)X
1435 5193(Disks)N
1676(\(RAID\),'')X
2069(Proc.)X
2293(1988)X
2510(ACM-SIGMOD)X
3125(Conference)X
3571(on)X
3699(Manage-)X
1435 5292(ment)N
1634(of)X
1729(Data,)X
1939(Chicago,)X
2277(Il.,)X
2397(June)X
2580(1988.)X
555 5424([ROBI81])N
1435(Robinson,)X
1824(J.,)X
1931(``The)X
2155(K-D-B)X
2427(Tree:)X
2642(A)X
2734(Search)X
3002(Structure)X
3353(for)X
3483(Large)X
3716(Multidi-)X
1435 5523(mensional)N
1871(Indexes,'')X
2297(Proc.)X
2552(1981)X
2800(ACM-SIGMOD)X
3446(Conference)X
3923(on)X
1435 5622(Management)N
1917(of)X
2012(Data,)X
2222(Ann)X
2395(Arbor,)X
2648(Mich.,)X
2900(May)X
3083(1981.)X
3 f
12 s
2235 6048(18)N

19 p
%%Page: 19 19
12 s 0 xH 0 xS 3 f
1 f
11 s
555 771([ROSE86])N
1435(Rosenthal,)X
1851(A.)X
1977(et.)X
2104(al.,)X
2252(``Traversal)X
2682(Recursion:)X
3104(A)X
3207(Practical)X
3556(Approach)X
3942(to)X
1435 870(Supporting)N
1901(Recursive)X
2327(Applications,'')X
2932(Proc.)X
3188(1986)X
3437(ACM-SIGMOD)X
1435 969(Conference)N
1862(on)X
1972(Management)X
2454(of)X
2549(Data,)X
2759(Washington,)X
3229(D.C.,)X
3439(May)X
3622(1986.)X
555 1101([ROWE85])N
1435(Rowe,)X
1707(L.,)X
1850(``Fill-in-the-Form)X
2531(Programming,'')X
3140(Proc.)X
3367(1985)X
3587(Very)X
3806(Large)X
1435 1200(Data)N
1623(Base)X
1816(Conference,)X
2265(Stockholm,)X
2692(Sweden,)X
3014(August)X
3290(1985.)X
555 1332([SELI80])N
1435(Selinger,)X
1792(P.)X
1904(and)X
2072(Adiba,)X
2350(M.,)X
2513(``Access)X
2860(Path)X
3057(Selection)X
3426(in)X
3535(a)X
3614(Distributed)X
1435 1431(Database)N
1806(Management)X
2315(System,'')X
2704(PROC)X
2983(ICOD,)X
3268(Aberdeen,)X
3680(Scotland,)X
1435 1530(July)N
1604(1980.)X
555 1662([SHAP86])N
1435(Shapiro,)X
1772(L.,)X
1911(``Join)X
2157(Processing)X
2578(in)X
2687(Database)X
3049(Systems)X
3383(with)X
3580(Large)X
3825(Main)X
1435 1761(Memories,'')N
1894(ACM-TODS,)X
2396(Sept.)X
2597(1986.)X
555 1893([SKEE82])N
1435(Skeen,)X
1729(D.,)X
1892(``Non-blocking)X
2495(Commit)X
2842(Protocols,'')X
3311(Proc.)X
3550(1982)X
3782(ACM-)X
1435 1992(SIGMOD)N
1808(Conference)X
2240(on)X
2355(Management)X
2842(of)X
2942(Data,)X
3157(Ann)X
3335(Arbor,)X
3593(Mich.,)X
3850(May)X
1435 2091(1982.)N
555 2223([STON83])N
1435(Stonebraker,)X
1933(M.,)X
2106(et.)X
2243(al.,)X
2402(``Application)X
2928(of)X
3052(Abstract)X
3401(Data)X
3618(Types)X
3884(and)X
1435 2322(Abstract)N
1757(Indexes)X
2054(to)X
2147(CAD)X
2356(Data,'')X
2626(Proc.)X
2833(Engineering)X
3287(Applications)X
3761(Stream)X
1435 2421(of)N
1530(1983)X
1728(Data)X
1916(Base)X
2109(Week,)X
2358(San)X
2512(Jose,)X
2707(Ca.,)X
2871(May)X
3054(1983.)X
555 2553([STON86a])N
1435(Stonebraker,)X
1922(M.)X
2062(and)X
2229(Rowe,)X
2496(L.,)X
2634(``The)X
2869(Design)X
3157(of)X
3269(POSTGRES,'')X
3828(Proc.)X
1435 2652(1986)N
1635(ACM-SIGMOD)X
2233(Conference)X
2662(on)X
2773(Management)X
3256(of)X
3352(Data,)X
3563(Washington,)X
1435 2751(D.C.,)N
1645(May)X
1828(1986.)X
555 2883([STON86b])N
1435(Stonebraker,)X
1907(M.,)X
2054(``Inclusion)X
2464(of)X
2561(New)X
2750(Types)X
2989(in)X
3082(Relational)X
3470(Data)X
3660(Base)X
3855(Sys-)X
1435 2982(tems,'')N
1706(Proc.)X
1913(Second)X
2196(International)X
2671(Conference)X
3100(on)X
3212(Data)X
3402(Engineering,)X
3879(Los)X
1435 3081(Angeles,)N
1767(Ca.,)X
1931(Feb.)X
2107(1986.)X
555 3213([STON87])N
1435(Stonebraker)X
1886(M.)X
2011(et.)X
2122(al.,)X
2255(``The)X
2475(Design)X
2749(of)X
2847(the)X
2980(POSTGRES)X
3445(Rules)X
3671(System,'')X
1435 3312(Proc.)N
1667(1987)X
1870(IEEE)X
2088(Data)X
2281(Engineering)X
2739(Conference,)X
3193(Los)X
3352(Angeles,)X
3689(Ca.,)X
3857(Feb.)X
1435 3411(1987.)N
555 3543([TSUR84])N
1435(Tsur,)X
1647(S.)X
1747(and)X
1903(Zaniolo,)X
2229(C.,)X
2361(``An)X
2554(Implementation)X
3142(of)X
3243(GEM)X
3466(--)X
3552(Supporting)X
3972(a)X
1435 3642(Semantic)N
1804(Data)X
2010(Model)X
2280(on)X
2408(a)X
2486(Relational)X
2889(Back-end,'')X
3345(Proc.)X
3567(1984)X
3782(ACM-)X
1435 3741(SIGMOD)N
1825(Conference)X
2275(on)X
2408(Management)X
2912(of)X
3029(Data,)X
3261(Boston,)X
3577(Mass.,)X
3850(June)X
1435 3840(1984.)N
555 3972([ULLM85])N
1435(Ullman,)X
1770(J.,)X
1896(``Implementation)X
2562(of)X
2683(Logical)X
3001(Query)X
3268(Languages)X
3696(for)X
3845(Data)X
1435 4071(Bases,'')N
1750(Proceedings)X
2210(of)X
2313(the)X
2450(1985)X
2655(ACM-SIGMOD)X
3258(International)X
3738(Confer-)X
1435 4170(ence)N
1618(on)X
1728(Management)X
2210(of)X
2305(Data,)X
2515(Austin,)X
2794(TX,)X
2955(May)X
3138(1985.)X
3 f
12 s
2235 6048(19)N

19 p
%%Trailer
xt

xs
